In Spain, and particularly in the Valencia Region, the scarcity of water resources means that water resource exploitation must be optimized. In this light, reusing the large amounts of treated wastewater is a top priority, especially in agriculture, urban use and the irrigation of golf courses. Rincón de León wastewater treatment plant–water reclamation plant (Alicante, Spain) supplies reclaimed flow to a number of users according to the guidelines stated in the Royal Decree 1620/2007. Reclamation treatment includes: coagulation + flocculation + filtration (sand bed), ultrafiltration, ultraviolet disinfection and desalination (reverse osmosis). By combining these processes, three tertiary treatment alternatives were configured, and for each of them the quality of effluents, treatment costs, energy consumption and the uses of treated water were analysed. The results show that the quality of the water treated using the three alternatives is suitable for different uses. Moreover, the costs resulting from the tertiary treatment processes, their energy consumption and the final price of the treated water paid by farmers have been obtained.
The performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) water desalination processes was investigated using a simulated brackish water plant based on spiral-wound membranes. A semi-rigorous mathematical model was employed in the simulation to calculate the water and salt fluxes at any point along the filtration channel. The effects of two key parameters, namely the transmembrane pressure and membrane surface area, on the performance of the process were investigated. Some insights into the performance limitation of RO processes...
Alabama facility implements direct filtration for wet weather conditions
During significant rain events, flow at the Village Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (Birmingham, Ala.) can increase from a normal 30 mgd (114,000 m3/d) to more than 360 mgd (1.4 million m3/d). In the past, any flow beyond about 80 mgd (303,000 m3/d) had to be bypassed to the Village Creek waterway, which feeds Bayview Lake. Both the creek and the lake are impaired and have been the focus of ongoing cleanup efforts by community groups and...
One of the largest capacity wastewater treatment plants in Europe is under construction on a small plot of land at Ringsend, on Dublin Bay in Ireland. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology and 100,000 diffusers from ITT Industries` Sanitarie unit was selected to meet the challenging waste treatment needs for this site.
When Dublin`s wastewater treatment plant was built in the 1970s, it answered the Irish capital`s population and environmental needs. But as environmental awareness and Dublin`s population has...
Background:
The 2.5 MLD Airey’s Inlet Water Treatment Plant is conventional alum coagulation, sludge blanket clarification, filtration WTP. It sources raw water from the 514 ML Painkalac Dam situated in the Angahook State Park This raw water is soft and high in colour and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). After heavy rainfalls, colour and DOC content are known to further increase along with a spike in turbidity. In response to these events, the plant operators are required to increase alum dosage to >80 mg/Land...
The City of Chesapeake, Virginia has provided a reliable and safe drinking water to its customers for many years. The City has been providing this drinking water despite a water supply that is extremely high in organics with seasonal outbreaks of chlorides. As a result, the 10-mgd Northwest River Water Treatment Plant receives water that is frequently difficult-to-treat. This water requires very high coagulant dosages during all times of the year and seasonal reverse osmosis treatment to meet the EPA Stage 1...
`In four years, half of San Diego may be filling its glasses with tap water that once ran through its toilets,` reported the San Diego Union-Tribune recently. A plan to mix `repurified water` with the City`s raw drinking water reservoir could become a reality, thanks to the wonders of water treatment technology.
Such a possibility elicits various reactions including disgust, marvel and fear. Although the public generally trusts and admires modern technology, politicians and even scientists fear the grave repercuss...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
Abstract
The membrane technology has received more interests in recent years because of the stringent standards for water supply and effluent discharge. The advance of membrane technology and the reduction of its costs also make it not only a possible but also a reliable and safe as well as economically justified choice for water supply and wastewater reuse. In this study a new released ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis membrane ES20 from Nitto-Denko was used for the purification of lake water and secondary...
Abstract
Different parameters were investigated to evaluate their effect on the process removal efficiency of COD and color, including H2O2 concentration, UV power, multi-step addition of H2O2, and air bubbling. As a result, the color can be removed completely within 20 minutes, and the COD removal of approximately 90% can be achieved within 40 minutes of UV illumination. This process favors the H2O2 addition in one step rather than in four steps. Supply of oxygen does not enhance the process removal efficiency....
Abstract
Africa
The economic and social needs of Africa depends more on its environmental resources but these natural resources are seriously declining and that is really effecting the entire region. Sustainable development in this rapidly changing region has become an imperative, and must take place in the complex context of a diverse and changing ecosystem, political transition and evolution toward market economies.
The region is heading towards integrating environmental components into sectors like...
Massachusetts became home to two new composting facilities that process MSW and biosolids. Nationally, the total number of operating plants is 19.
Since the mid-1980s, BioCycle has been conducting an annual, nationwide survey of municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facilities. From the late 1980s into the early 1990s, when it was projected that landfill capacity would drop and tipping fees would skyrocket, interest in MSW composting was high. About two dozen companies were marketing systems and equipment, and...
Introduction
Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions levels that are normally achievable through a combination of cleaner production and end-of-pipe treatment. The guidelines are designed to...
The main advantage of ex situ treatment is that it generally requires shorter time periods, and there is more certainty about the uniformity of treatment because of the ability to monitor and continuously mix the ground water. Ex situ treatment, however, requires pumping of ground water, leading to increased costs and engineering for equipment, possible permitting, and material handling.
Physical/chemical treatment uses the physical properties of the contaminants or the contaminated medium to destroy (i.e,...
In the semi-arid region surrounding Whyalla in South Australia, BHP is creating an artificial wetland that promises to make its effluent cleaner than its input water. The wetland is projected to cost around 40% of a conventional treatment works, with significantly less operating costs. The project will conserve one of the most precious resources in the world’s driest country - water - and will improve the local environment. The wetland`s design may also be picked up by local authorities to treat stormwater and...
Introduction:
Ex situ separation can be performed by many processes. Gravity separation and sieving/physical separation are two well-developed processes that have long been primary methods for treating municipal wastewaters. Magnetic separation, on the other hand, is a much newer separation process that is still being tested.
Gravity Separation
Gravity separation is a solid/liquid separation process, which relies on a density difference between the phases. Equipment size and effectiveness of gravity separation...
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate inorganics in ground water, surface water, and leachate. Treatability studies are usually necessary to ensure that the contaminated ground water can be treated effectively at the design flow. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly important to characterize the effects of adsorption and other processes of attenuation. Ground water models are also often needed to predict flow characteristics, changes in contaminant mixes and...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
High quality water sources for municipal use are dwindling, forcing utilities to seek alternate water sources. Many times, aesthetics are the only problem preventing the use of these alternate water sources for potable purposes. Although typically used as a disinfectant, ozone offers municipal water purveyors the benefits of being the strongest commercially available oxidizing agent (Table 1). Due to its oxidizing power, ozone is used successfully in applications requiring reduction of aesthetically unpleasant...
Introduction
The Clifton Water District (Colorado) covers roughly 20 square miles stretching east of Grand Junction to Palisade, and extending south from I-70 to the Colorado River. The District has approximately 7,400 service connections serving a population of 30,000. Utilizing the Colorado River as its primary source, the District`s Charles A. Strain Water Treatment Plant has a capacity of 12 million gallons per day (mgd). Conventional water treatment processes are employed including presedimentation, coagulati...
The U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Environmental Restoration Program directs the assessment and cleanup of inactive sites and surplus facilities contaminated from previous defense and non-defense-related programs. All cleanup activities must comply with federal, state, Indian Nation, and local laws and regulations. In completing environmental restoration activities, DOE is committed to working with stakeholders to understand technical issues and evaluate alternatives. Two important program goals include...
Abstract
For over 15 years, membrane separation processes have been very effectively utilized as essential components of electrodeposition (ED) paint processes. ED is the accepted method of applying the undercoat paint layer to new automobiles and appliances. As cross-flow membrane and ED paint technologies mature, new applications combining the two have been developed. A major American automobile manufacturer now uses reverse osmosis (RO) to treat ultrafiltration (UF) permeate generated by an ED paint process,...
Abstract
As water and sewer costs are expected to increase over the next decade, membrane technology will continue to be a viable and economical option in the recovery and reuse of water. This paper describes the mechanism of membrane effected separation (specifically reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration), membranes commercially available, membrane element configurations, and how complete membrane systems are designed. The paper also discusses case histories of a variety of proven applications,...
Abstract
This paper describes two successful applications of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology used to reclaim water, reduce waste water discharge costs. The first case history covers oily waste water treatment at a major aluminum beverage can manufacturing plant. The second case describes treatment of waste water from a multi-plating bath section of a major wheelchair manufacturing facility. The mechanisms of separation effected by both UF and RO are described at the molecular...
SummaryWaste discharges from municipal sewage treatment plants are a significant source of water quality problems throughout the country. States report that municipal discharges are the main source of impairment to estuaries and coastal waters, the second leading source of impaired rivers and streams, and also are a major source of pollution in lakes. Pollutants associated with municipal discharges include nutrients (which can stimulate growth of algae that deplete dissolved oxygen in surface water), bacteria and...
There`s a lot of attention being given to water availability and purity, with good reason. Obtaining enough water is a struggle in some areas. In others, water is tainted with contaminants.
It is therefore predictable that regulations and economics will force careful water treatment and stress water re-use. Fortunately, there are water treatment methods that can help you meet the water quality challenges, and related water supply challenges, you face. Among these is crossflow filtration, a technology that has...
The following article is based on a paper presented in August, 1990 at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society in San Diego.
Soft drink manufacturers, not to mention manufacturers of other beverage products, have always had a keen interest in the water that goes into their products. After all, it is the water that typically makes up 80%-90% of the product.
In the past the water has been treated by a variety of methods, depending on the type of water supply and the type of drink being produced. Or,...
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