The maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland is predicted to rapidly increase in the near future, which increases the environmental risks both through direct environmental effects and by increasing the accident risk. This paper describes a multidisciplinary modelling approach, where, based on growth predictions, the maritime traffic in the Gulf of Finland in the year 2015 is modelled and the accident risk, the direct environmental effects and the risk of environmental accidents are evaluated. Finally, the effects of national and international legislation and other management actions are modelled, to produce advice and support for governmental decision makers. In the modelling work, Bayesian Networks (BNs) are applied. The approach produces unique information on the accident risks and their effects separately for each marine route used, which enables efficient local risk control actions to be taken by the decision makers to decrease the probability of accidents.
The Counter Pollution Branch of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) has a duty to respond to chemical spills in UK waters. Spill models are important tools to enable effective spill management and advice. MCA were using a DOS—based model Eurospill, developed by Warren Spring Laboratory, to predict the fate of chemical spills, but the software was not Mlillenium compliant.
Working against tight timescales, AEA Technology completely re-designed the Fortran-based code into C++ object-oriented form. BMT...
Awareness of the potential for water pollution and its prevention is essential in controlling it. For shipping companies, implementing an environmental management system (EMS) could be the most important preventative measure taken, and the cost of not acting could be detrimental. Failure to comply with the provisions of international environmental protection laws (i.e. MARPOL) and national laws (i.e. the U.S. Clean Water Act) can result in massive fines and possible jail terms. Increased vigilance by the European...
METHODOLOGY: Betas for stocks were estimated for two periods, 1980-1987 and 1988-1994, the first being “before” corporate environmental management and the second, “after”. Two environmental variables were determined: 1) environmental management - each company was rated on a 1 to 35 scale for environmental management and philosophy; 2) environmental performance defined as the average annual change in Toxic Release Inventory releases per unit of firm capital. The study sought to determine whether these items had...
The private sector decision making situations which LCA addresses must also eventually take the economic consequences of alternative products or product designs into account. However, neither the internal nor external economic aspects of the decisions are within the scope of developed LCA methodology, nor are they properly addressed by existing LCA tools. This traditional separation of life cycle environmental assessment from economic analysis has limited the influence and relevance of LCA for decision-making,...
In nearly all private industry applications of LCA, the decision making situations which LCA addresses must also eventually take the economic consequences of alternative products or product designs into account. However, neither the internal nor external economic aspects of the decisions are within the scope of developed LCA methodology, nor are they properly addressed by existing LCA tools. This traditional separation of life cycle environmental assessment from economic analysis has limited the influence and...
Life cycle impact assessment is usually plagued by the assumptions of site independence and uniform mixing of pollutants in a compartment (e.g., atmosphere), which are not valid for all air pollutants. In this paper we propose using the concept of exposure efficiency to simplify the damage pathway analysis without compromising the consideration of site-dependent characteristics. Our case study of increasing insulation in new homes in the US from the MEC1993 to IECC2000 level yields 6,442 TJ (6,111 GBTU) of energy...
Abstract
Refinements of methods for life cycle impact assessment are directed at reducing errors and quantifying and reducing uncertainties in results. The uncertainty reduction benefits of such refinements depend upon the structure of the inventory model. The structure of inventory models in general are investigated using an economic input/output life cycle assessment model of the US economy. Percentiles for the share of total upstream emissions contributed by the set of processes in each supply tier are...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
The operation of the anaerobic lagoon adjacent to Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant was studied over a 12- month period. The rate of organic loading, BOD and SS removal efficiencies and their relationships with organic reductions and ambient temperature were studied. A high correlation was found to hold among temperature, organic loading rate, and BOD 5 removal. A correlation coefficient of 87% was obtained for temperature and BOD 5 removal efficiency and that for temperature and organic loading was 83%. The...
Overview
Environmental policy is in transition. Many observers believe that the existing regulatory system, though it has accomplished great improvements in environmental quality, is approaching the limits of its effective ness. Government regulators and policy analysts are seeking better ways to address the many issues, like non-point source pollution, that remain largely unregulated. Most corporations are seeking more cost-effective ways to meet regulatory requirements, and some leading corporations are...
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the applicability of current wastewater integration concepts to a batch production plant. As a case study a textile dyestuff batch production plant was chosen. First, a short introduction will be given to the current wastewater integration methods, which will be referred to later. Then, a water flow analysis of this water flow system is presented. This step is necessary to identify those processes generating the highest amount of wastewater and what actions can...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is making available to the public a study containing information relating to its Proposed Rule addressing the management of mercury-containing lamps under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste management system published in the Federal Register on July 27, 1994, 59 FR 39288. The study consists of an electronic model and report that provides an assessment of mercury emissions from the management of mercury-containing lamps under different...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
` Poor air quality due to pollution is a serious environmental problem in most urban areas. The greatest burden of pollution is on human health. Urban air quality management requires an integrated approach that (i) identifies the most serious problems and measures that offer cost-effective and feasible solutions across a range of economic sectors and pollution sources including industries, utilities, traffic and households; and (ii) builds a consensus among key stakeholders concerning environmental objectives,...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
Untitled Document
Objectives of the Review Checklist
This Review Checklist has been developed as a method for reviewing environmental information submitted by developers, to the competent authorities, as part of an EIA procedure. Its purpose is to assist reviewers in evaluating the completeness and suitability of this information from a technical and decision making viewpoint. In particular it will assist reviewers in deciding whether all relevant information is available to fulfil two main functions:...
Customer comments
No comments were found for A cross-disciplinary approach to minimising the risks of maritime transport in the Gulf of Finland. Be the first to comment!
