The implementation of an operational network of microwave radiometers is presently hampered by the cost and complexity of the available instruments. For this reason, the definition and design of a low-cost microwave radiometer suitable for automatic, high-quality observations of liquid water path (LWP) were one objective of the BALTEX cloud liquid water network: CLIWA-NET. In the course of the project, it turned out that a full profiling radiometer with 14 channels can be produced at only about 30% higher cost than a classical dual-channel IWV/LWP radiometer. The profiling capability allows simultaneous observations of LWP and the lower tropospheric (0–5 km) humidity and temperature profiles with a temporal resolution of less than 10 s and a vertical resolution from 100 m to 1 km in the planetary boundary layer depending on height and atmospheric conditions. The latter is possible due to an elevation scan capability and by the implementation of a new filter bank design. The radiometer has several additional sensors.
Weather Information Service Engine Project (WISE) is dedicated to resolve urban environmental issues including high-resolution weather forecasting, urban flooding prediction, road meteorology and urban carbon dynamics, and new urban service systems to minimize and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters and climate change on urban dwellers. WISE is targeting South Korea’s capitol, the megacity Seoul, and surrounding urban areas. Recently they started a project called the City Energy Monitoring System,...
Infrared (IR) light emits a broad range of non-visible wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. Applications for infrared, including near-infrared, are defined by the respective IR bands during output. For example, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) equipment uses 1,000 nm and 1,550 nm IR bands while surveying an area. In the military sector, 850 nm, 1,060 nm and 1,500 nm (and up) are used in IR laser range detection systems.
It is important to consider that measuring infrared light and using IR to measure...
Overexploitation of groundwater (GW) in the recent past is a well-known fact for the Punjab and Haryana region of India, as reported by several studies using satellite-based gravity anomaly from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission and also by using observed data. This decline in GW has enforced the Punjab Preservation of Sub-Soil Water Act 2009, and resulted in change in rice irrigation practices over the study region. In this study, a shifting pattern of irrigation practices has been detected...
In this study, we explore how the differences in soil moisture accounting affect the estimation of actual soil evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). The main objective is, therefore, a comparative assessment of a vapor flux estimation method which has explicit soil moisture accounting, against a vapor flux estimation method that uses satellite observed soil moisture data. Three methods with different representations of water supply dynamics are compared: (1) ETLook, wherein E and T are estimated using Advanced...
The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was derived from the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data for the years 1982–2004. The NDVI-derived LAI showed a very good agreement (correlation coefficient r up to 0.96) with MODIS LAI. To address the relation between precipitation and LAI, linear correlation analysis between gridded precipitation and the NDVI-derived LAI was conducted for several land uses and each month of the year. Based on the...
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