The implementation of an operational network of microwave radiometers is presently hampered by the cost and complexity of the available instruments. For this reason, the definition and design of a low-cost microwave radiometer suitable for automatic, high-quality observations of liquid water path (LWP) were one objective of the BALTEX cloud liquid water network: CLIWA-NET. In the course of the project, it turned out that a full profiling radiometer with 14 channels can be produced at only about 30% higher cost than a classical dual-channel IWV/LWP radiometer. The profiling capability allows simultaneous observations of LWP and the lower tropospheric (0–5 km) humidity and temperature profiles with a temporal resolution of less than 10 s and a vertical resolution from 100 m to 1 km in the planetary boundary layer depending on height and atmospheric conditions. The latter is possible due to an elevation scan capability and by the implementation of a new filter bank design. The radiometer has several additional sensors.
Accurately identifying and quantifying particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere is key to determining air quality. Researchers are particularly interested in PM that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers because they are believed to contribute to heart and lung disease in humans and animals. These tiny particles are invisible to the naked eye and originate from power plants, fires, and volcanic eruptions. High levels of PM that have a diameter of less than 10 micrometers, such as dust, mold and pollen,...
Abstract Accurate procedures that measure hydrologic variability would have great value for evaluating ecosystem impacts of upstream water use in the Colorado River Basin. Many local extractive income-based stakeholders rely directly or indirectly on ecosystem health and are adversely affected when the river does not flow. This study focuses on the impact of little or no Colorado River flow on the Mexican shrimp industry. Although there have been complaints that U.S. diversions of Colorado River flow have...
Knowledge of freshwater runoff plume dynamics in southern California is important for management of coastal
water quality, because river discharge associated with episodic winter rainstorms can be a major source of pollutants and pathogens to coastal waters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of plumes at the San Pedro Shelf in southern California and identify factors influencingthe incidence and dispersal patterns of plumes. We used 1.1-km spatial resolution satellite images...
Ozone mixing ratios observed by the Bordeaux microwave radiometer between 1995 and 2002 in an altitude range 25–75 km show diurnal variations in the mesosphere and seasonal variations in terms of annual and semi-annual oscillations (SAO) in the stratosphere and in the mesosphere. The observations with 10–15 km altitude resolution are presented and compared to photochemical and transport model results.
Diurnal ozone variations are analyzed by averaging the years 1995–1997 for four representative months and six...
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence the incidence and dispersal patterns of freshwater runoff plumes in southern California is important for management of coastal water quality. Significant river discharge is associated with episodic winter rainstorms, leading to turbid pollutant and pathogen-laden stormwater plumes that are clearly visible nearshore in the Southern California Bight. We analyzed 1.1-km spatial resolution seaspectral reflectance data acquired in 1997–2003 by the Sea-viewing Wide...
Remotely sensed data and a one-dimensional hydrophysical model were used to study the seasonal dynamics of surface plant pigments concentration in the Ligurian-Provençal basin. The variations of phytoplankton biomass were estimated from the observations of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (1978–1986) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) (September 1997 to October 1999) radiometers. The factors of physical environment analyzed included remotely sensed sea surface temperature (from...
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Following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
in New York City on September 11, 2001, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal
agencies conducted extensive assessments of the air quality and
associated environmental and health effects near the so-called “Ground Zero” site. EPA’s activities included air monitoring and
modeling of the fire and debris plume, a toxicological study of fine particulate matter, and...
The water industry is not short of software offerings, and so the arguments in favour of yet another software program had better be very good indeed. In this article we examine how one very significant community of users – operations managers, engineers and planners - have largely had their specific needs overlooked; we identify the type of system needed to fulfil their requirements and the operational and commercial benefits that might flow from its use.
There are currently four types of software in widespread...
Adelaide Malting is using natural-gas cogeneration as an energy-efficient alternative to electricity-powered malt drying technology. As well as replacing electricity as the power source, cogeneration has boosted plant capacity by 20 percent.
Background
Adelaide Malting, part of the Coopers Brewery Group of Companies, produces barley malt for the local, interstate and overseas beer-brewing industry. The company operates from modern facilities at Cavan, about 10 kms north of Adelaide, South Australia. It has a...
When determining the consequences of accidental release flow rates from pressurized gas systems, it is important to select the appropriate type of air pollution dispersion model. For released gases which are lighter than or equal to the ambient air density, Gaussian dispersion models as described in Beychok`s text1 should be used. For released gases which are heavier than air, a dense gas model such as SLAB2 or DEGADIS3 should be used.
It is also important to determine realistic flow rates for accidental release...
Introduction
Climate researcher Klaus Hasselmann, Director of the Max-Planck-Institut (MPI) for Meteorology in Hamburg and a project co-ordinator of EC’s Environment and Climate Programme, was one of the first scientists to warn that recently observed global warming trends have a discernible human related forcing component. Climate model calculations show, that global warming is closely related to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as consequence of man’s activity. Since pre-industrial...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
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