This research presents a simulation-optimization model for urban flood mitigation integrating Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) hydraulic model under a curve number-based hydrologic model of low impact development technologies in Gonbad-e-Kavus, a small city in the north of Iran. In the developed model, the best performance of the system relies on the optimal layout and capacity of retention ponds over the study area in order to reduce surcharge from the manholes underlying a set of storm event loads, while the available investment plays a restricting role. Thus, there is a multi-objective optimization problem with two conflicting objectives solved successfully by NSGA-II to find a set of optimal solutions known as the Pareto front. In order to analyze the results, a new factor, investment priority index (IPI), is defined which shows the risk of surcharging over the network and priority of the mitigation actions. The IPI is calculated using the probability of pond selection for candidate locations and average depth of the ponds in all Pareto front solutions. The IPI can help the decision makers to arrange a long-term progressive plan with the priority of high-risk areas when an optimal solution has been selected.
ABSTRACTThe reach of Red River of the North flowing through the Cities of Fargo, ND and Moorhead, MN has been impaired due to the fecal coliform. Analyses of water quality samples and rainfall data showed that high coliform concentration in the river was related to rain events, and runoffs from the urban areas are major sources of fecal coliform contamination. To determine the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) and to develop an implementation plan for water quality improvement, an extensive water...
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Scotland has an area of roughly 79,000km2 and a population of five million. The northern highlands is the least populated area, but covers two thirds of the land, with the central lowlands the most populous zone and the fertile southern uplands dedicated mainly to farmland. In all, the country has some 50,000km of rivers and numerous lochs, including major water bodies such as Loch Lomond and Loch Katrine, which supply water to Glasgow, and Loch Ness.
With such plentiful...
This study evaluated the hydrologic sensitivity of vernal pool ecosystems in the Central Valley of California to climatic changes projected for 2100. A vernal pool water-balance model was used to evaluate rain-fed vernal pools at four locations under future conditions projected by two contrasting global climate models. The potential for change in the duration of continuous inundation, frequency of reproductively suitable inundation events, and the seasonal distribution of inundation was quantified. The potential...
When reviewing the last 25 years of water modelling, there are two conclusions that are equally appealing. One is that all the building blocks for mathematical hydraulic modelling were in place 25 years ago except for computing, and so the recent history of all computer-based mathematical modelling is essentially the recent history of computing. The second view is that, in parallel with some useful progress in technology, hydraulic modelling itself has experienced a complete change over this period.
To examine...
The operation of water distribution and collection systems throughout the municipality of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is the responsibility of Sofiyska Voda AD, a company formed in October 2000 comprising International Water / United Utilities and the City of Sofia. Under a 25-year concession agreement, Sofiyska Voda is undertaking a very significant investment programme that will transform the condition and performance of the city’s water and wastewater networks. During the first 15 years of the 25-year...
Introduction
The flow variations in sewers have been modelled for several years with a comparatively high degree of accuracy as far as the diurnal variations and responses to climatic conditions are concerned. However, until comparatively recently the variations in flow due to fluctuations in groundwater levels, soil storage capacity and wetness of the catchment have only been modelled in basic terms. For the past decade it has been possible to use runoff models that respond to the increasing wetness of the...
Paul Banfield, Sales Director of Wallingford Software, argues that, for the first time in the history of hydraulic modelling, modellers can now reap the elusive benefits of larger hydraulic models, in turn enhancing the quality of operational and investment decision-making.
Introduction
A desire for increased accuracy, simplicity and completeness is the primary reason why modellers wish to build large hydraulic models:
To reflect the network as closely as possible
To incorporate all the available data...
The UK’s prestigious Royal Society recently held a discussion group on the subject of Flood Management and Climate Change. With much of the Northern Hemisphere approaching the winter flooding season, we spoke to Wallingford Software’s David Fortune to find out the role of modelling in flood forecasting and flood management. He set out his ideas as follows:
We must remember first that, while we might expect more flooding as our climate changes, it is not a simple matter to predict the extent of flooding. It’s not...
Introduction
“Sustainable Development” is an increasingly important concept in most industries today, and one in which the water industry has been making rapid progress for over a decade. In countries around the world, including the USA, Europe, and Australia, Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUD) structures - permeable pavements, ponds, and the like - are reducing the volumes of direct urban runoff, and helping to resolve problems such as flooding and pollutant spills to rivers.
However, until recently, waste...
Over the years, different forces have served as drivers to help grow the composting industry. For example, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was the perceived landfill crisis that led to state bans on disposal of yard trimmings. Composting also has benefitted from a push to meet recycling goals, which has prompted states and local governments to go beyond yard trimmings and into such feedstocks as food residuals. Research into the benefits of using compost has helped the industry make inroads into an exciting...
Bell Canada provides a comprehensive environmental training program, known within the company as the Internal Environmental Evaluation (IEE) training program, to it’s employees. The program addresses all of the major environmental programs and policies within Bell which include:
Hazardous Material Management,
Non-Hazardous Material Management,
Zero Waste/Municipal Recycling,
PCBs,
Environmental Permitting,
Spills Management,
Wood Pole Recycling and,
Management of Manhole/Access Chamber Effluent....
Characterization of groundwater flow regimes in fractured bedrock aquifers on Southern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands of British Columbia are presently based on simple hydraulic testing methods and analytical models. Transmissivity, storativity are derived from porous media (radial flow) analytical models that do not fully represent the more complex boundary conditions inherent to fracture bedrock aquifers. Geological and horizontal loop electromagnetic (HLEM) surveys were used to characterize the lithology...
The use of compost in various environmental applications is one of the most intensive areas of compost research being pursued today. The high organic matter content and biological activity of compost makes it effective for use in a variety of applications. Five of these will be reviewed in this article: erosion control, revegetation, biofiltration, bioremediation, and wetlands construction.
EROSION CONTROL
Erosion control is a relatively new and promising application for compost. Research has shown that...
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling heavy metal leaching have been investigated in a pilot landfill containing cemented municipal solid waste incinerator flue gas scrubber residues. Leachate composition with respect to Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn has been determined as a function of hydrological and geochemical properties of the landfilled material. During dry periods the leachate composition was constant. During rain events the leachate was diluted with rain water. The change in concentration of the elements in the...
Fuel contaminants are generally nonhalogenated. Information presented for nonhalogenated VOCs and nonhalogenated SVOCs may also be appropriate for many of the fuel contaminants presented in this subsection.
Contamination by fuel contaminants in the unsaturated zone exists in four phases: vapor in the pore spaces; sorbed to subsurface solids; dissolved in water; or as NAPL. The nature and extent of transport are determined by the interactions among contaminant transport properties (e.g., density, vapor pressure,...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
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Summary:
The adjacent cities of Tempe and Mesa, Arizona, rely on a combined wastewater collection system comprising 434 miles of sanitary sewer lines and more than 6,000 manholes. The 40-mgd system serves a total metropolitan population of nearly 450,000. Turbulent flows at the force main discharges and other areas of the sewer system cause considerable hydrogen sulfide off-gassing and resultant
odor emissions through nearby manhole covers. In addition, low sewage volume,...
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