Accurate and reliable forecasts of key hydrological variables such as stream flow are of importance due to their profound impacts on real world water resources applications. Data-driven methods have proven their applicability to modeling complex and non-linear hydrological processes. This paper presents a novel visual modeling system that has been developed to overcome the problems involved in implementation of data-driven models for hydrological forecasts using conventional programming languages: problems such as the effort and skill needed to program the models, the lack of reusability of existing models, and the lack of shared tools to perform tedious tasks such as preprocessing data. The system provides an integrated visual modeling environment within which users are able to graphically design and verify specific forecasting models for particular problems without writing code. A set of popular data-driven models are offered by the system. Plug-in models created by wrapping existing code are also allowed to run within the system due to the system's open architecture. The system's feasibility and capability is demonstrated through a case study of forecasting 1-day ahead flow in a river basin located in China. The encouraging simulation results show that the system can simplify the process of implementing hydrological forecast.
INTRODUCTION
Performance measures relating to combined sewer overflow (CSO) operation are widely known to have limitations. In the UK they have evolved from simplistic settings based on six times dry weather flow, to Formula A (Government, 1970) and eventually to more complex consent conditions of spill volumes, spill frequency and water quality. Performance measures related to the quality of the receiving waters have also been developed in an attempt to better represent the impact of CSO spills. However,...
Voltage control and reactive power compensation in a distribution network with embedded Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) represents the main concern of this paper. The WECS is a fixed speed/constant frequency system that is equipped with an induction generator driven by an unregulated wind turbine. The problem is viewed from short-term (10 seconds), mid-term (10 minutes) and long-term (48 hours) time domain responses of the system to different changes of wind speed and load daily cycles. Being disturbed by a...
This paper examines issues of impact and innovation in groundwater research by using bibliometric data and citation analysis.The analysis is based on 3120 papers from the journal Water Resources Research with full contents and their citation data from the ISI Web of Science. The research is designed to develop a better understanding of the way citation numbers can be interpreted by scientists. Not surprisingly, the most highly cited papers appear to be pioneers in the field with papers departing significantly...
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the development of a decision support system (DSS) for flood warning and instantiation of restoration activities in two urban areas, the Liguria Region in Italy and the Greater Athens catchment in Greece, with the potential of extension to other locations with similar flooding problems. The tool is designed to work at the centre of a set of meteorological and hydrologic/hydraulic forecast models together with telemetric data acquisition networks. The study reveals the complexity and...
Introduction
The flow variations in sewers have been modelled for several years with a comparatively high degree of accuracy as far as the diurnal variations and responses to climatic conditions are concerned. However, until comparatively recently the variations in flow due to fluctuations in groundwater levels, soil storage capacity and wetness of the catchment have only been modelled in basic terms. For the past decade it has been possible to use runoff models that respond to the increasing wetness of the...
Introduction
Water and life are synonymous. Communities expect to be protected from floods, to have a reliable and safe water supply, to be able to swim and fish in rivers and lakes. Stakeholders who share water ultimately compete for that water, with conflicts becoming more critical during periods of prolonged drought, when there is not enough water to go around and rationing is enforced. Population growth, industrial and economic expansion and climate change will inevitably lead to more pressure on a finite...
The UK’s prestigious Royal Society recently held a discussion group on the subject of Flood Management and Climate Change. With much of the Northern Hemisphere approaching the winter flooding season, we spoke to Wallingford Software’s David Fortune to find out the role of modelling in flood forecasting and flood management. He set out his ideas as follows:
We must remember first that, while we might expect more flooding as our climate changes, it is not a simple matter to predict the extent of flooding. It’s not...
Introduction
“Sustainable Development” is an increasingly important concept in most industries today, and one in which the water industry has been making rapid progress for over a decade. In countries around the world, including the USA, Europe, and Australia, Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUD) structures - permeable pavements, ponds, and the like - are reducing the volumes of direct urban runoff, and helping to resolve problems such as flooding and pollutant spills to rivers.
However, until recently, waste...
Introduction
In this knowledge-driven world of the 21st century, companies are seeking to implement technology solutions for environmental information needs that seem to be continually changing and expanding. This article will identify key needs and outline possible technology solutions, focusing on the information and tools needed by the environmental professional, an important knowledge worker in this new business environment.
Consider the example of a U.S.-based manufacturer that has a number of operations...
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) hold great potential as a tool for managing environmental site remediation data. While noting the location of contaminated sites in GIS is commonplace, GIS has played only a minor role in review and analysis of chemical data gathered during an investigation or monitoring activity. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Site Remediation Branch (NJDEP SRP) has undertaken a project making the use of GIS for this purpose a reality within their organization. Through...
Introduction
Increasing concerns about the potential risks of anthropogenic climate change over the past ten years have led to a series of international conferences intended to combat climate change and its adverse effects. However, the Kyoto Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and, more so, the conference in Buenos Aires revealed the tremendous complexity of the climate change issue, which makes consensus about necessary mitigation measures almost impossible. Not...
Abstract
Africa
The economic and social needs of Africa depends more on its environmental resources but these natural resources are seriously declining and that is really effecting the entire region. Sustainable development in this rapidly changing region has become an imperative, and must take place in the complex context of a diverse and changing ecosystem, political transition and evolution toward market economies.
The region is heading towards integrating environmental components into sectors like...
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling heavy metal leaching have been investigated in a pilot landfill containing cemented municipal solid waste incinerator flue gas scrubber residues. Leachate composition with respect to Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn has been determined as a function of hydrological and geochemical properties of the landfilled material. During dry periods the leachate composition was constant. During rain events the leachate was diluted with rain water. The change in concentration of the elements in the...
Introduction:
Co-metabolism is one form of secondary substrate transformation in which enzymes produced for primary substrate oxidation are capable of degrading the secondary substrate fortuitously, even though the secondary substrates do not afford sufficient energy to sustain the microbial population. An emerging application involves the injection of water containing dissolved primary substrate (e.g. methane, toluene) and oxygen into ground water to support the co-metabolic breakdown of targeted organic...
Fuel contaminants are generally nonhalogenated. Information presented for nonhalogenated VOCs and nonhalogenated SVOCs may also be appropriate for many of the fuel contaminants presented in this subsection.
Contamination by fuel contaminants in the unsaturated zone exists in four phases: vapor in the pore spaces; sorbed to subsurface solids; dissolved in water; or as NAPL. The nature and extent of transport are determined by the interactions among contaminant transport properties (e.g., density, vapor pressure,...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
The U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Environmental Restoration Program directs the assessment and cleanup of inactive sites and surplus facilities contaminated from previous defense and non-defense-related programs. All cleanup activities must comply with federal, state, Indian Nation, and local laws and regulations. In completing environmental restoration activities, DOE is committed to working with stakeholders to understand technical issues and evaluate alternatives. Two important program goals include...
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