The use of infiltration trenches has proven to be useful to reduce runoff in urban surfaces. The design of these structures is based on the continuity equation taking into account inflow, outflow and detention water volumes. Basic procedures evaluate entering flow rates and relative volumes directly as a function of rain event characteristics, without taking into account rain-runoff processes occurring in the watershed. An improved simplified procedure, based on the kinematic model for the description of rain-runoff processes, has been developed here using a dimensionless approach. The procedure and the relative applicative design graphs are presented and discussed.
Keywords: best management practices, design, dimensionless approach, infiltration trenches
An inappropriate development programme at a mega-tourist project has dramatically reduced water levels in the underground aquifers at Bahias de Huatulco, a beautiful site on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. The indigenous communities in the neighbouring highlands suffered, as their forests were logged and their identity was threatened by the pressures from the globalised tourist programme. By compensating rural groups for their efforts to protect and rebuild these forests, a watershed rehabilitation programme...
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Urbanization in southern California has resulted in direct and indirect effects on natural stream courses
that have altered their physical and biological character. Development typically increases impervious
surfaces on formerly undeveloped (or less developed) landscapes and reduces the capacity of remaining
pervious surfaces to capture and infiltrate rainfall. The result is that as a watershed develops, a larger
percentage of rainfall becomes runoff during any given...
Water management in most parts of the world has long followed a pattern of functional specialization (FS). Water agencies, companies, or departments of government supply water. Other agencies, companies, or departments supply wastewater services. Yet a third group is charged with flood control and storm runoff management. Of course some water utilities supply both water and wastewater services, and some government departments include all three branches of the water sector. These may appear to be exceptions, but...
On January 13, 2003, US EPA released its new National Water Quality Trading Program. This policy calls on states to develop programs for trading water pollution reduction credits, much as has been done with air pollutants for several years. This approach is consistent with the Bush Administration`s preference for market-based solutions to environmental issues. Trading is likely to be helpful in addressing water quality impairments associated with non-point sources (NPS), such as agriculture, that are often beyond...
Introduction
“Sustainable Development” is an increasingly important concept in most industries today, and one in which the water industry has been making rapid progress for over a decade. In countries around the world, including the USA, Europe, and Australia, Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUD) structures - permeable pavements, ponds, and the like - are reducing the volumes of direct urban runoff, and helping to resolve problems such as flooding and pollutant spills to rivers.
However, until recently, waste...
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Executive Summary
Water policy in the European Union is aiming to promote sustainable water use and a major objective of the new Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is the long-term progressive reduction of contaminant discharges to the aquatic environment in urban wastewater (UWW). Sewage sludge is also a product of wastewater treatment and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) aims to encourage the use of sludge whenever appropriate. Potentially toxic elements...
A pilot study for delineating wellhead protection areas was undertaken in Cacapava, Brazil, which integrated three-dimensional capture zone modelling with available groundwater and contaminant-source databases, using a four-step process. A contaminant source inventory was developed and each source was ranked based on its potential impact. Next, the thickness of the unsaturated zone and the surficial soil characteristics were used to define regions of higher and lower groundwater vulnerability based on travel time...
Regional-scale groundwater flow and thermal transport modelling was completed as one component of a multi-disciplinary subwatershed study for a portion of the Credit River, west of Toronto, Canada. Aggregate extraction activities in the area have the potential to alter the groundwater flow system. The concern regards the quantity and temperature of groundwater being discharged to streams and watertable drawdown, since present discharge conditions support a cold water fishery in the Credit River and change in...
Introduction:
Co-metabolism is one form of secondary substrate transformation in which enzymes produced for primary substrate oxidation are capable of degrading the secondary substrate fortuitously, even though the secondary substrates do not afford sufficient energy to sustain the microbial population. An emerging application involves the injection of water containing dissolved primary substrate (e.g. methane, toluene) and oxygen into ground water to support the co-metabolic breakdown of targeted organic...
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