A waste load allocation method was developed for industrial wastewater management based on unfairness factors, an industrial allocation factor and pollution reduction discounts. Three unfairness factors were defined to assess the relative efficiencies of energy consumption, pollution discharge and waste treatment costs for different industries. The overall effect of these factors was described by an industrial allocation factor. Based on the values of these factors, industries were classified into three types, after which waste load allocation proportions among different industries were determined using different pollution reduction discounts. This waste load allocation method was then applied in the Zhangweinan Watershed, which is one of the most seriously polluted watersheds in northern China. The results revealed that extractive, mechanical and food industries comprise the type I industries, which had the lowest pollution reduction discounts of 0, 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. The metallurgical industry and other industries were characterized as type II and discounts of 0.5 and 0.6 were given to their primary reductions. Textile, pharmaceutical, oil and pyrogenic, chemical and paper industries were classified as type III industries and had a waste load reduction of more than 80% of the pollution discharge in 2004.
An inappropriate development programme at a mega-tourist project has dramatically reduced water levels in the underground aquifers at Bahias de Huatulco, a beautiful site on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. The indigenous communities in the neighbouring highlands suffered, as their forests were logged and their identity was threatened by the pressures from the globalised tourist programme. By compensating rural groups for their efforts to protect and rebuild these forests, a watershed rehabilitation programme...
Water management in most parts of the world has long followed a pattern of functional specialization (FS). Water agencies, companies, or departments of government supply water. Other agencies, companies, or departments supply wastewater services. Yet a third group is charged with flood control and storm runoff management. Of course some water utilities supply both water and wastewater services, and some government departments include all three branches of the water sector. These may appear to be exceptions, but...
On January 13, 2003, US EPA released its new National Water Quality Trading Program. This policy calls on states to develop programs for trading water pollution reduction credits, much as has been done with air pollutants for several years. This approach is consistent with the Bush Administration`s preference for market-based solutions to environmental issues. Trading is likely to be helpful in addressing water quality impairments associated with non-point sources (NPS), such as agriculture, that are often beyond...
ABSTRACTMore cost effective alternate technologies are needed to meet the demands of existing and upcoming Federal air regulations. Bio-Reaction Industries, Inc. (BRI) has developed a patented, modular, high-rate, vapor-phase biofilter that has provided such a solution for a major oil company for the past four years. This compact system has adsorbed and digested high VOC surge concentrations (over 90,000 PPMV) from a glycol dehydrator in a high CO2, corrosive environment. System design changes, operation/maintenanc...
Abstract
This paper investigates the current situation of industrial solid waste disposal in China. Recent Chinese literature about industrial solid waste disposal in China has been revieved and data are analysed on the amount of industrial solid waste production and disposal in Wuhan City in 1992. The results show a rapid increase in the total amount of industrial solid wastes in China: It was about 580 million tonnes in 1990 and could reach 750 million tonnes in 2000. The total amount of industrial solid waste...
A county agency and a farmer in Vermont have teamed up to collect and compost food residuals and other organics. The Rutland County Solid Waste District (RCSWD), which is responsible for managing MSW for 16 cities and towns, began planning the food residuals composting program in December, 1996 with the Rutland Natural Resource Conservation District, one of 14 districts in Vermont that promotes agriculture, water quality and economic development.
The conservation district canvassed area farms to determine which...
Issue: As part of an increasing sentiment among European consumers that environmental protection is important, concern about the impact of landfill is growing. Sensor technology makes it possible to measure and control inputs to landfill sites and pollutants arising from them. However, the exploitation - or uptake - of such technology has been lower than expected in the waste management sector. Relevance: Coordinated European science and technology policies can help improve exploitation of sensor technology, and...
Industrial Galvanisers Corporation is saving $100,000 per annum in waste fluid disposal costs through greater process control of their hot dip galvanising. The new process, developed by the company’s R&D team, is a continuous electrolytical preflux treatment. It has also delivered quality improvements and other savings by allowing better monitoring of, and hence improvements in, plant management. The reduction in waste effluent and fume levels is a major environmental breakthrough for this industry.
The...
A pilot study for delineating wellhead protection areas was undertaken in Cacapava, Brazil, which integrated three-dimensional capture zone modelling with available groundwater and contaminant-source databases, using a four-step process. A contaminant source inventory was developed and each source was ranked based on its potential impact. Next, the thickness of the unsaturated zone and the surficial soil characteristics were used to define regions of higher and lower groundwater vulnerability based on travel time...
Regional-scale groundwater flow and thermal transport modelling was completed as one component of a multi-disciplinary subwatershed study for a portion of the Credit River, west of Toronto, Canada. Aggregate extraction activities in the area have the potential to alter the groundwater flow system. The concern regards the quantity and temperature of groundwater being discharged to streams and watertable drawdown, since present discharge conditions support a cold water fishery in the Credit River and change in...
Household waste
More than 10% of waste arisings in the Netherlands consists of household waste. The local authorities are responsible for collecting this category of waste. A set of rules compels the local authorities to collect separately organic household waste, glass, paper and board, textiles and small chemical waste. The policy aims at giving producers more responsibility for their products at the waste stage: for packaging and batteries this has partially been achieved. In 1996 almost 44% of household...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is making available to the public a study containing information relating to its Proposed Rule addressing the management of mercury-containing lamps under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste management system published in the Federal Register on July 27, 1994, 59 FR 39288. The study consists of an electronic model and report that provides an assessment of mercury emissions from the management of mercury-containing lamps under different...
Containment treatments are often performed to prevent, or significantly reduce, the migration of contaminants in soils or ground water. Containment is necessary whenever contaminated materials are to be buried or left in place at a site. In general, containment is performed when extensive subsurface contamination at a site precludes excavation and removal of wastes because of potential hazards, unrealistic cost, or lack of adequate treatment technologies.
Containment treatments offer quick installation times and...
` Growing volumes of both industrial and municipal wastewater are being discharged to surface waters but the treatment provided frequently is inadequate to protect the desired uses of the receiving waters. With limited resources in terms of both institutional capacity and finance, governments face difficult choices in optimizing their investments in municipal systems and establishing practical requirements for industrial wastewater treatment. This note presents an approach to making coherent decisions on levels...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
` Appropriate wastewater management, within an overall water resources management program, is essential to responsible use of the environment and to affordable provision of services. Such management programs are best developed at a river basin or sub-catchment level. An approach is outlined for developing a wastewater strategy and an implementation plan for a river basin.`
Integrated Management
The Bank promotes a systematic approach to water resources management, incorporating water resources planning and...
This is a final report of the study on spent solvents under taken as a result of a consent decree between the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study discusses the wastes associated with the use of the materials as solvents, the toxicity of the wastes, and the management practices for the wastes. The chemicals included in this study are diethylamine, aniline, ethylene oxide, allyl chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and bromoform. In addition, this...
Introduction
The notion that salt could be removed from seawater without a phase change took hold of Dr. Sourirajan`s imagination in the late 1950`s. The actual invention of the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane took place in his laboratory at UCLA around 1960. (Thus Sourirajan could be called not only the `Father of Reverse Osmosis,` but the initiator of all crossflow membrane technology.) The full commercialization of RO and its sister crossflow technology, ultrafiltration (UF), occurred in the early 1970`s. About...
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