This paper describes the development of an adaptive locally constrained genetic algorithm (ALCO-GA) and its application to the problem of least cost water distribution network design. Genetic algorithms have been used widely for the optimisation of both theoretical and real-world nonlinear optimisation problems, including water system design and maintenance problems. In this work we propose a heuristic-based approach to the mutation of chromosomes with the algorithm employing an adaptive mutation operator which utilises hydraulic head information and an elementary heuristic to increase the efficiency of the algorithm's search into the feasible solution space. In almost all test instances ALCO-GA displays faster convergence and reaches the feasible solution space faster than the standard genetic algorithm. ALCO-GA also achieves high optimality when compared to solutions from the literature and often obtains better solutions than the standard genetic algorithm.
Using water to heat or cool your building is the safest alternative, as hydronic systems can be installed and serviced by any licensed professional contractor. Because other refrigerants are toxic, they must be installed by specially trained technicians. You`ll see those same technicians on expensive service calls installing factory replacement parts because components are not interchangeable with other brands or with different systems offered by the same manufacturer.Many chilled water systems employ chillers...
Hydronic systems deliver safe, more responsive indoor comfort, especially with multiple zones. They provide the most efficient method of dehumidifying in humid climates.Chilled water does the job.There are several ways to move BTUs around a building. Choosing water delivers superior comfort without the use and expense of man-made refrigerants. Water is the greenest, safest way to heat and cool. That`s why it`s the system of choice for America. Advanced technologies like single pipe distribution systems, variable...
Montblanc is a company based in Hamburg, Germany, that is well-known for manufacturing handcrafted, high-quality writing instruments. Perhaps the best known Montblanc product is the classic masterpiece, a fountain pen. The pen’s cap features the white star emblem, which is a stylised nod to Mont Blanc’s snowy peak. All Montblanc writing instruments are characterised by their high-quality materials. Many individual components in the pens – such as the nibs, rings and clips – are made from...
Microfiltration and ultrafiltration(MF/UF) membrane systems are used in a variety of processes and applications. They can help facilities treat boiler feed water, separate out contaminated waste to acceptable effluent standards, and manufacture safe food and/or beverages, to name a few. If your facility might require MF/UF membrane system technology, you are likely wondering,“How much do microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane systems cost?”
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After rain events in densely populated areas, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) can have severe health-related effects upon surface water quality, as well as diffuse overland runoff and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). All of these sources emit pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria into the surface water, which the EU Bathing Water Directive addresses by giving threshold values for the indicators Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. This study presents a comparison between 21 scenarios of costs for...
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