Using a nested multinomial logit model of car ownership and personal travel in Beijing circa 2005, this paper compares the effectiveness of different policy instruments to reduce traffic congestion and CO2 emissions. The study shows that a congestion toll is more efficient than a fuel tax in reducing traffic congestion, whereas a fuel tax is more effective as a policy instrument for reducing gasoline consumption and emissions. An improvement in car efficiency would also reduce congestion, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions significantly; however, this policy benefits only richer households that own a car. Low-income households do better under the fuel tax policy than under the efficiency improvement and congestion toll policies. The congestion toll and fuel tax require the travel cost per mile to more than triple. The responsiveness of aggregate fuel and CO2 are, approximately, a 1 percent drop for each 10 percent rise in the money cost of a car trip.
ZSM-5 crystals with controllable c-axis length were successfully synthesized through a one-pot solvent-free route, with urea as an additive. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) show that the prepared samples exhibit high crystallinity. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis together with TEM observations indicate that micro-, meso-, and macropores exist in the obtained samples. Catalytic tests for the methanol to gasoline (MTG) conversion showed that the prepared...
On August 25, 2016, researchers at the University of Michigan, led by research professor John M. DeCicco, Ph.D., published "Carbon balance effects of U.S. biofuel production and use," a study examining the impact of biofuel production on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The study, funded in part by the American Petroleum Institute, examined USDA crop-production data and determined that the increasing use of biofuels has resulted in a net increase of CO2 emissions, with only 37 percent of CO2 emissions from biofuel...
Evaluating the wear condition of equipment is a primary requirement of condition monitoring programs. Oil wetted equipment will generate wear particles throughout its lifetime, the nature and rate of the wear varies from initial break in through to end of life seizure. The technique employed to detect wear and its severity is spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is a technique for detecting and quantifying the presence of elements in a material. Spectroscopy utilizes the fact that each element has a unique atomic structure....
An environmental consultant at Subsurface Environmental Solutions, LLC used Sitelab to fingerprint a large plume of Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPL) located at a former oil refinery in Kansas. The plume is commingled with gasoline, diesel, crude oil and other petroleum products.Sitelab’s portable UVF-3100D analyzer is fitted with optical filters which can measure the C6 to C10 gasoline range hydrocarbons, like BTEX, separately from the C10 to C36 diesel/oil range hydrocarbons. Samples take just a few...
In a settlement with the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM) and the American Petroleum Institute (API), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) agreed to set renewable fuel obligations for calendar years 2014 and 2015 by November 30, 2015, under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). The RFS requires annual increases in the amount of renewable fuel that must be blended into the total volume of gasoline refined and consumed in the U.S.
A current TV ad featured on the Smarter Fuel Future...
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