Constructed wetland ecotechnologies (CWEs) are a promising solution to effectively treat domestic wastewater in developing countries at low cost. This paper reports the findings of the effectiveness of sand media amended with woody biochar and two plants species (Melaleuca quinquenervia and Cymbopogon citratus) in removing biological oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids and coliforms. The experimental design consisted of 21 vertical flow (VF) mesocosms. There were seven media treatments using sand amended with varying proportions of biochar. During the first 8 months, the mesocosms were loaded with secondary clarified wastewater (SCW) then septage. The influent had a 4-day hydraulic retention time. Samples were monitored for BOD5, total suspended solids (TSS), total volatile solids (TVS), total coliforms and faecal coliforms. In the first 8 months, there were no significant performance differences between media treatments in the outflow concentrations of BOD5, TSS and TVS. The significant differences occurred during the last 3 months; using septage with biochar additions performed better than pure sand. For coliforms, the significant differences occurred after 6 months. In conclusion, the addition of biochar was not effective for SCW. The VF mesocosms system proved to be more effective in removing BOD5, TSS, TVS and coliforms when septage was loaded into the media.
MBRs necessitate two sources of aeration: one for scouring the membranes (coarse bubble, CB) and the other for the biomass requirements (usually fine bubble, FB). In the framework of a in-depth study of a full scale municipal MBR plant (10 000 p.e.) where CB and FB are in the same tank (Biosep®), mass balances were used to determine the OTR of the different combinations of CB+FB at different air flows. A two year monitoring was performed with on-line COD influent measurements and a SCADA system provides an...
The performance of ten full scale wastewater treatment facilities applying IFAS and MBBR systems was evaluated using the Unified Model for Activated Sludge, IFAS and MBBR systems. At each facility, the model was applied to compute the biofilm surface area required to achieve nitrification based on the plant loading, mixed liquor temperature and aerobic mixed liquor MCRT. The effluent ammonium-N was then computed for the amount of biofilm surface areainstalled and compared to the plant effluent. The analysis...
The use of center wells (CWs) in circular secondary settling tanks (SST) has become a common practice. According to Parker et al. (1996) the main purpose of the CW is to promote the aggregation of remaining dispersed particles into settleable flocs, i.e., to promote the flocculation process inside the settling tank. Parker et al. (1996) and Parker and Stenquist (1986) showed strong evidence that, under similar operating conditions, circular tanks equipped with CWs can achieve lower effluent suspended solids and...
Integrated Fixed-Film/Activated Sludge (IFAS) technology has received widespread acceptance in the engineering community as the most economical new way to upgrade wastewater plants without building new aeration basins or clarifiers. BioWeb™ is a knit web-like fabric with high surface area designed to be installed directly into aeration basins to create a colony of attached growth biomass in the system. Webitat™ is a new BioWeb IFAS system engineered to actively manage the attached biomass environment. Enhanced...
Surfactants are among the most widely disseminated xenobiotics that contribute significantly to the pollution profile of sewage and wastewaters of all kinds. Among the currently employed chemical unit processes in the treatment of wastewaters, coagulation-flocculation has received considerable attention for yielding high pollutant removal efficiency. Jar-test experiments are employed in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of surfactants, COD and turbidity in terms of effective dosage, and pH...
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Could nonwoven filtration material be used as a viable, cheaper alternative to hollow fibre membranes in submerged membrane bioreactors, without a loss in performance? Filtration + Separation takes a look at one research report that thinks so.
Nonwoven for the MBR – why bother?
The Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is an evolving process that combines membrane technology with biological technology and uses membrane separation to replace the conventional secondary sedimentation...
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Before selecting a
denitrification filter,
designers should
compare all
available systems
and assess their
performance to date
With the development of total
maximum daily loads for nutrient
discharges, many wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs) face
stringent nutrient limits. Deep-bed denitrification
filters that remove nitrogen and solids are
a proven technology for treating wastewater to
meet low total nitrogen (TN) limits. A variety...
This work examined the performance of a sequencing batch reactor treating dyeing effluents from a factory that processes mainly wool and wool/polyester blends. Different operational conditions were evaluated, namely the influence of the anaerobic and the subsequent aerobic phase on the organic load removal, as well as the effect of the length of the aeration period (from 8 to 12h) on process efficiency. A comparison between a fill stage in fast and slow modes was carried out. Results indicate that the cycle 2...
ABSTRACTThe bottled water industry uses a machine specifically designed for the washing of its containers (19-L capacity) and generates 6-L wastewater/container. This effluent can be used for watering of green areas and car washing. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the effluent and to propose a specific treatment to enable reuse of the effluent from the container washing machine. The analysis of water quality identified the following problems: high pH (10.0), high biochemical oxygen demand...
The Problem
Poultry and pork farms, dairy industries, wineries, fruit processing firms are
sources of high strength wastewater. The treatment of wastewater produced by
small and medium - size food processing companies not connected to municipal
plants, is often a source of concerns for both parties; the Ministry of the
Environment and Energy (MOE) and the financial manager and owners of the firms.
The wastewater produced is malodorous and acid, and carries high contents of
organic...
Two regional studies conducted during dry weather demonstrated that the Southern California Bight (SCB) shoreline has good water quality, except near areas that drain land-based runoff. Here, we repeat those regional studies 36 h after a rainstorm to assess the influence of runoff under high flow conditions. Two hundred and fifty-four shoreline sites between Santa Barbara, California and Ensenada, Mexico were sampled using a stratified-random sampling design with four strata: sandy beaches, rocky shoreline,...
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Executive Summary
Water policy in the European Union is aiming to promote sustainable water use and a major objective of the new Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is the long-term progressive reduction of contaminant discharges to the aquatic environment in urban wastewater (UWW). Sewage sludge is also a product of wastewater treatment and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) aims to encourage the use of sludge whenever appropriate. Potentially toxic elements...
The operation of the anaerobic lagoon adjacent to Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant was studied over a 12- month period. The rate of organic loading, BOD and SS removal efficiencies and their relationships with organic reductions and ambient temperature were studied. A high correlation was found to hold among temperature, organic loading rate, and BOD 5 removal. A correlation coefficient of 87% was obtained for temperature and BOD 5 removal efficiency and that for temperature and organic loading was 83%. The...
Within the last decade, implementation of state and federal regulations and other local codes have changed biosolids processing in Florida. Previously, biosolids stabilization varied greatly among the state’s 3,500 to 4,000 wastewater treatment facilities. Public and privately owned wastewater treatment facilities were required to stabilize their biosolids to a minimum Class C standard for land application, with most facilities using aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Requirements for septage solids stabilization,...
Abstract
Restriction of available water observed in the last years in arid or semiarid areas forces the planners to consider any source of water for irrigation. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the suitability of wastewater produced by the treatment plant of the city of Larissa, Central Greece for irrigation of corn. With a three year`s field experiment it was shown that wastewater significantly increased corn yield and may substitute considerable quantities of mineral fertilizers. Increase in corn...
The treatment of industrial effluent from the paper manufacturing facilities in British Columbia is a major concern because the effluent is discharged into prime salmon habitat in the marine environment (Cross, 1994). High levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the effluent reduce the dissolved oxygen (DO) available to species in the marine environment. In 1988, the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans reviewed the levels of DO and total suspended solids (TSS) that are discharged in the effluent...
The use of compost in various environmental applications is one of the most intensive areas of compost research being pursued today. The high organic matter content and biological activity of compost makes it effective for use in a variety of applications. Five of these will be reviewed in this article: erosion control, revegetation, biofiltration, bioremediation, and wetlands construction.
EROSION CONTROL
Erosion control is a relatively new and promising application for compost. Research has shown that...
As a growing resort community, Newport, OR, wanted to find a way to minimize odors from its downtown wastewater treatment plant. The city installed structural-fabric covers on its secondary clarifiers as part of the solution.
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Many industries aren’t aware that there are simple, cost effective solutions to lower the surcharges they are paying to the Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW’s). When the POTW is treating wastewater from an industrial source, they will charge the industry a surcharge to cover the additional cost of treating the industrial waste. Surcharging industries is a common practice since most industries cannot afford the costs of a full primary and secondary wastewater treatment system.
As an industrial plant manager...
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1. Review of Bonlac Operations
2. Planning and Organisation of the Bonlac Foods Cleaner Production Project
3. Cleaner Production Initiatives
4. Review of Project
5. Concluding Remarks
6. Bonlac Foods Perspective
Executive Summary
The Cleaner Production Demonstration Project (the Project) was an initiative of Environment Australia -The Environment Protection Group (EPG). The aim of the Project was to raise the awareness of Australian industry and actively promote...
Introduction Sustainability or `sustainable development` has become a term which is frequently applied to land use and social planning and resource issues. Sustainability is a concept which draws attention to development practices which can degrade natural ecosystems and deplete natural resources. If development is defined broadly to include any cultural activity, then sustainable development may be defined as any practice that meets the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
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