This study focuses on the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-containing municipal wastewater at 20 °C with a fluidized bed reactor. Mean influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfate concentrations were 481 and 96 mg/l. The response of the COD removal efficiency to increasing organic loading rates (OLR) was investigated. Average total COD removal was 61% at OLR between 2.7 and 13.7 kg COD/(m³·d) and did not distinctly depend on the OLR. To assess the removal efficiency in more detail the COD in- and output mass flows were balanced. The results showed that only 11–12% of the input COD was recovered as gaseous methane. About 12–13% of the input COD remained in the effluent as dissolved methane. Furthermore, a distinct amount of 12–19% of the input COD remained in the reactor as settled sludge and was not further biologically degraded. Due to the reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria, 13–14% of the input COD was degraded. Further adverse impacts of the influent sulfate on the anaerobic treatment process are discussed as well.
John Todd founded Ocean Arks International in the 1980s, where he started to experiment with processes that mimic natural ways to purify wastewater. He built a greenhouse and ran sewage through a series of tanks, with plants suspended in the flowing waters, and constructed marshes made of sand and gravel. No chemicals were added, but plenty of aquatic creatures from snails to small fish were brought in at different stages to clean the waters.
Todd regarded his concept of Eco Machines - using ecological engineerin...
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Before selecting a
denitrification filter,
designers should
compare all
available systems
and assess their
performance to date
With the development of total
maximum daily loads for nutrient
discharges, many wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs) face
stringent nutrient limits. Deep-bed denitrification
filters that remove nitrogen and solids are
a proven technology for treating wastewater to
meet low total nitrogen (TN) limits. A variety...
The Kemwater Recycling Process – KREPRO for treatment of sewage sludge is based on a completely new separation technology, which uses existing knowledge in an innovative way. It reduces both the organic and inorganic content of the sludge. The organic content is re-duced by about 30% and the inorganic about 70% if digested sludge is treated. All metals and salts are dissolved; the remaining undissolved inorganics are mainly silicates like sand and grit.
In constast, most sludge treatment technologies used today...
Abstract
A quantized converter of the potential energy of a fluid or a free-flowing mass located in a natural or an artificial storage, which should always be situated at a higher level than the aforementioned converter in the accepted geodesic coordinate system.
In contrast to the known converters, such as the water runner (turbine), operating in continuous regime and transforming the potential energy of water lifted by a dam into the mechanical energy of rotational motion, the said converter operates in a...
The implications of an optimized end of life vehicles (ELV) processing system are addressed, and its contribution to promote scale factors in the benefits associated to increased recycling rates in a small country as Portugal are discussed. In particular, the mass flows associated with the current infrastructure for ELV processing in Portugal are compared against those expected by implementing new policies and technologies defined in the context of Industrial Ecology. The crucial relevance of recycling activities...
The operation of the anaerobic lagoon adjacent to Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant was studied over a 12- month period. The rate of organic loading, BOD and SS removal efficiencies and their relationships with organic reductions and ambient temperature were studied. A high correlation was found to hold among temperature, organic loading rate, and BOD 5 removal. A correlation coefficient of 87% was obtained for temperature and BOD 5 removal efficiency and that for temperature and organic loading was 83%. The...
Abstract
The LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment) is an instrument of impact analysis measurement which utility is gaining a growing acceptance in new areas of application.
In this evaluation, LCA provides a methodological instrument which allows the analysis of the process impact in pre-established conditions of analysis, comparing alternative industrial procedures.
The work which we shall attempt is the methodological development of the LCA applied to the incineration with energy recovery of MSW. This development...
Abstract
In industrial wastewater treatment, the most important criteria are environmental protection laws and costs. In general, biological treatment is the most economic process and is usually used for treatment of degradable organic pollutants. However, the situation is completely different when the wastewater contains refractory organic pollutants or toxic substances. In this case, the biological degradation process is not often efficient and an alternative treatment is necessary. The electrochemical oxidation...
Abstract
Different parameters were investigated to evaluate their effect on the process removal efficiency of COD and color, including H2O2 concentration, UV power, multi-step addition of H2O2, and air bubbling. As a result, the color can be removed completely within 20 minutes, and the COD removal of approximately 90% can be achieved within 40 minutes of UV illumination. This process favors the H2O2 addition in one step rather than in four steps. Supply of oxygen does not enhance the process removal efficiency....
Cost-efficient solution for smell emission reduction
The enormous waste quantities that are produced day by day are one of the most difficult problems for the economy as such, for cities and communities and for private households. Storage capacities for waste are scarce everywhere. Therefore solutions of all kinds that reduce waste quantities or recycle waste materials to be reused in the material cycle are top priority for all concerned. For some time now, compost production has been a widely used approach to...
Abstract
Africa
The economic and social needs of Africa depends more on its environmental resources but these natural resources are seriously declining and that is really effecting the entire region. Sustainable development in this rapidly changing region has become an imperative, and must take place in the complex context of a diverse and changing ecosystem, political transition and evolution toward market economies.
The region is heading towards integrating environmental components into sectors like...
Cavitation is a major problem in the chemical industry because it affects a basic tool, the centrifugal pump. A sudden increase in the velocity of the pumped liquid reduces the inlet pressure, sometimes below the vapor pressure.The result is formation of gas and bubbles.
Detecting the signs of cavitation, and correctly identifying and understanding the type of cavitation present, can help an operator prevent serious damage.
HOW CAVITATION OCCURS
The pressure of the liquid in a centrifugal pump drops as it...
Predictive modeling may be usefelected to represent the system (e.g., SVE treatment, incinerator, etc.), and site and contaminant informaul in estimating emissions from a site or treatment system. An appropriate theoretical model is stion is used to estimate gross emissions. Because many variables affect emission rates, this approach is limited by the representativeness of the model and by the input used. This approach is usually used as a screening-level or pre-design evaluation. Site-specific data to support...
Australian Country Spinners, a wool spinning and dyeing company, has implemented a range of cleaner production initiatives that have improved the process efficiency and achieved significant cost savings. Over a three year period the company achieved a 44 per cent reduction in water usage and a 26 per cent reduction in chemical usage, per kilogram of processed yarn. These gains translated to savings in excess of $1.1 million.
Background
Australian Country Spinners Pty Ltd (ACS), one of Australia`s largest yarn...
Site soil conditions frequently limit the selection of a treatment process. Process-limiting characteristics such as pH or moisture content may sometimes be adjusted. In other cases, a treatment technology may be eliminated based upon the soil classification (e.g., particle-size distribution) or other soil characteristics.
Soils are inherently variable in their physical and chemical characteristics. Usually the variability is much greater vertically than horizontally, resulting from the variability in the...
Introduction The final step in the waste management process is waste disposal, the permanent isolation of waste. Some wastes can be managed and disposed safely with existing facilities and proven methods. Other Department of Energy (DOE) wastes require more complex disposal facilities. DOE has conducted extensive research into alternative waste disposal methods and has concluded that deep geologic disposal is the best method to dispose of the most radioactive waste. Geologic disposal is the permanent burial of...
Air sparging involves injecting a gas (usually air/oxygen) under pressure into the saturated zone to volatilize groundwater contaminants and to promote biodegradation in saturated and unsaturated soils by increasing subsurface oxygen concentrations. Vola tilized vapors migrate into the vadose zone where they are extracted via vacuum, generally by a soil vapor extraction system. The term biosparging is sometimes used interchangeably with air sparging to highlight the bioremediation aspect of the treatment process...
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