Ag speciation in a chloride medium was dependent upon the Cl/Ag ratio after releasing into surface water. In this study, the photoreaction of in situ formed Ag–Cl species and their effects on aniline photochlorination were systematically investigated. Our results suggested that formation of chloroaniline was strongly relevant to the Cl/Ag ratio and could be interpreted using the thermodynamically expected speciation of Ag in the presence of Cl−. AgCl was the main species responsible for the photochlorination of aniline. Both photoinduced hole and •OH drove the oxidation of Cl− to radical •Cl, which promoted the chlorination of aniline. Ag0 formation was observed from the surface plasmon resonance absorption during AgCl photoreaction. This study revealed that Ag+ released into Cl−-containing water may result in the formation of chlorinated intermediates of organic compounds under solar light irradiation.
Early this year, the City of San Benito, Texas, completed construction of a new 6-mgd microfiltration plant. The new facility is considered one of the most modern and innovative water treatment plants in the region and has been recognized for its use of microfiltration and solar power. Its chlorination system, while more traditional than these technologies, was selected for its cost efficiency, reliability and flexibility.
San Benito, with a population of around 26,000, is located at the southern tip of the...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
OVERVIEW
When chlorine is added to a water supply containing certain organics, the formation of halogenated organics occurs. Called `trihalogenated methanes` (THM`s) these reaction products are suspected carcinogens and maximum allowable limits in municipal supplies are imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). To reduce the potential for the formation of THM`s, many U.S. municipal supplies are converting their chlorine (Cl2) disinfection method to chloramine addition. Chloramines have a low...
Imagine being in charge of a chemical company. One day a fire breaks out, and an employee, designated as a first responder, is killed fighting the blaze. Then OSHA investigators discover that the man died primarily because both his training and his equipment were inadequate. This scenario is why CPL 2-2.59A should put anyone who runs a HAZMAT facility into a state of introspection. These employers need to ask themselves: `When was the last time that our Emergency Response Plan was brought up to date? Do our...
Introduction
There is considerable public, scientific and regulatory concern over the possible adverse health effects of chronic exposure to trace levels of persistent organic pollutants. The class of compounds made up of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), often collectively known as dioxins, has received widespread attention and attracted a great deal of research, following the accidental release of the most toxic of these (2,3,7,8 TCDD) at Seveso in 1976.
Diox...
Sites where halogenated VOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants or disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating/metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars/aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking collection and system sanitary lines, leaking storage tanks, radioactive/mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds/lagoons, paint stripping and spray booth areas, pesticide/herbicide mixing areas, solvent...
An important consideration when evaluating a remedy is whether the compound is nonhalogenated or halogenated. A nonhalogenated compound is one which does not have a halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it.
The vendor of the technology being evaluated must be informed whether the compounds to be treated are nonhalogenated or halogenated. In most instances, the vendor needs to know the specific compounds involved so that modifications to technology designs can be made, where appropriate...
Case Study
Name of company: Neumarkter LammsbräuSector: BreweryNumber of employees: 80Country: Germany
AbstractNeumarkter Lammsbräu is an 80-employee brewery located in Bavaria, a German region which has a strong tradition for beer. At the beginning of the 1970s, agriculture in the region became increasingly intensive. The quality of beer was being sacrificed for quick and high returns on sales. Neumarkter Lammsbräu wanted to safeguard the quality of its products and develop a strategy for success. The company...
Introduction
Bioventing is a promising new technology that stimulates the natural in situ biodegradation of any aerobically degradable compounds in soil by providing oxygen to existing soil microorganisms. In contrast to soil vapor vacuum extraction, bioventing uses low air flow rates to provide only enough oxygen to sustain microbial activity. Oxygen is most commonly supplied through direct air injection into residual contamination in soil. In addition to degradation of adsorbed fuel residuals, volatile compounds...
Air sparging involves injecting a gas (usually air/oxygen) under pressure into the saturated zone to volatilize groundwater contaminants and to promote biodegradation in saturated and unsaturated soils by increasing subsurface oxygen concentrations. Vola tilized vapors migrate into the vadose zone where they are extracted via vacuum, generally by a soil vapor extraction system. The term biosparging is sometimes used interchangeably with air sparging to highlight the bioremediation aspect of the treatment process...
Pressures on the environment may occur through chemical, physical and biological agents. The subject of this study is physical agents, where physical fields are examined.
Physical fields are part of the natural environment. Depending upon their properties and the surrounding conditions, physical fields are transmitted through the spaces in which we live, potentially affecting human health and nature. Human activity can add to, modify, and enhance and reduce the intensity of these fields. Furthermore, changes in...
Customer comments
No comments were found for Aniline chlorination by in situ formed Ag–Cl complexes under simulated solar light irradiation. Be the first to comment!
