In this study an in vitro exposure test to investigate toxicological effects of the volatile disinfection by-product trichloramine and of real indoor pool air was established. For this purpose a set-up to generate a well-defined, clean gas stream of trichloramine was combined with biotests. Human alveolar epithelial lung cells of the cell line A-549 were exposed in a CULTEX® device with trichloramine concentrations between 0.1 and 40 mg/m3 for 1 h. As toxicological endpoints the cell viability and the inflammatory response by the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were investigated. A decreasing cell viability could be observed with increasing trichloramine concentration. An increase of IL-8 release could be determined at trichloramine concentrations higher than 10 mg/m3 and an increase of IL-6 release at concentrations of 20 mg/m3. Investigations of indoor swimming pool air showed similar inflammatory effects to the lung cells although the air concentrations of trichloramine of 0.17 and 0.19 mg/m3 were much lower compared with the laboratory experiments with trichloramine as the only contaminant. Therefore it is assumed that a mixture of trichloramine and other disinfection by-products in the air of indoor pool settings contribute to that effect.
Keywords: cell viability, CULTEX®, cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, human lung cells exposure, indoor pool air, trichloramine
On April 14, Sen. Frank R. Lautenberg, D-N.J., introduced the Safe Chemicals Act of 2011, which is intended to modernize the Toxic Substances Control Act to require chemical companies to demonstrate the safety of industrial chemicals and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate safety based on the best available science.The bill is co-sponsored by Sens. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., and Barbara Boxer, D-Calif. Lautenberg introduced TSCA reform legislation in the 111th Congress, the...
Client: Gloucester Institute of Technology Location: Gloucester, USA Service: Swimming Pool UV Disinfection Description: atg UV provide solution to poor water quality due to high levels of chloramines.
The Gloucester Institute of Technology has chosen a state-of-the-art atg UV Technology Ultraviolet water treatment system for its on campus swimming and leisure facility as a solution to its poor water quality due to high levels of chloramines, which are the cause of sore red eyes, itchy skin, over powering...
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Four years, as of October, have passed since installation of first equipment by the Municipal...
In autumn 2004, parents, teachers, and children were doing what they typically do at that time of year - namely, preparing to return to school. Others, however, were preparing for the school year in a different way.
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Abstract
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Executive Summary
The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is committed to protecting and enhancing human, animal, and environmental health through the sound application of the fundamental principles of the science of toxicology. It is with this goal in mind that the SOT defines here its current consensus position on the safety of foods produced through biotechnology (genetic engineering). These products are commonly termed genetically modified foods, but this is misleading, since conventional methods of microbial, crop,...
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Abstract
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Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
Introduction
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Untitled Document
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Introduction
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