This paper outlines the role and use in the UK of hazard and risk assessment in the control and management of risks from major chemical industrial and other related hazards.
Keywords: hazard analysis, major hazards, risk assessment, transportation, United Kingdom, UK, chemical hazards
Through the acquisition of scientific data, knowledge is gained about the environmental fate and human exposure of chemical substances. From this knowledge, the risk of using chemicals can be assessed. As a means of facilitating the regulatory process, risk assessments can also compare the substance under investigation to other substances that display similar behaviour or structure, especially when the risk assessment involves a substance for which few data exist. For instance, similarities can be drawn between a...
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The
Challenge:
Recently, the LEPC
used EIS to conduct an exercise involving an H20 treatment plant located near
residential housing. Prior to the exercise, the plant used gaseous chlorine
which it stored in 12 one-ton cylinders and two wells (150 LB bottles). However,
much to the LEPC officials` dismay, the spill exercise showed how a plume could
extend into the residential housing area and envelope a child care center located
nearby. As a result, the...
U.S. EPA has been preaching the gospel of “less is better” for years. The agency has been saying this through the law,policy and practice of pollution prevention. EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) is chargedwith administering, among other statutes, the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA), which reflects Congress’commitment to reduce or minimize pollution at the source through changes in production, operation and raw materialsusage. EPA has been aggressive in achieving Congress’s goals.
In...
Recent EU Directives on waste electronic goods and hazardous substances are leading to tensions with developing countries which export equipment. The global electronics supply chain is now forming an important testing ground for a new initiative on sustainable trade and innovation aimed at overcoming accusations of environmental protectionism. The initiative encapsulates some of the conflicts between governments, set to be played out when trade ministers meet in Cancun, Mexico, on 10-14 September to kick-start...
Summary
Wastewater treatment in the United States is a major cornerstone of efforts to keep the nation’s waters clean. Sewage sludge is the solid, semisolid, or liquid residue generated during treatment of domestic sewage. Since the early 1970s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the wastewater treatment industry have promoted recycling of sewage sludge. With the prohibition of ocean disposal of wastewater residuals in 1992, the use of sewage sludge as soil amendments (soil conditioners or...
It’s almost here, and it’s big. The Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) is EPA’s newest “voluntary” initiative designed to obtain hazard and exposure information to characterize adequately risks of chemical exposure to children. EPA is poised to roll it out imminently. The VCCEP is controversial, precedent setting, and breathtakingly significant for chemical producers and certain product manufacturers alike. As of this post-election writing, EPA makes no commitments as to when the Program...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
Executive Summary
U.S. EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response is promoting more effective strategies for characterizing and monitoring hazardous waste sites. In particular, the wide-spread adoption of a new paradigm which uses an integrated triad of systematic planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis for data collection and technical decision-making at hazardous waste sites is recommended.
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Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
The Clean Air Act requires refineries to develop and implement a Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) program to control fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions occur from valves, pumps, compressors, pressure relief valves, flanges, connectors and other piping components. Comparison monitoring conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA) National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) shows that the number of leaking valves and components is up to 10 times greater than had been reported by certain...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
There has been a sharply falling trend in the total volume of sales of agricultural pesticides in the EU between 1991 and 1995. But this was reversed in 1996. From 1991-1995, EU sales of pesticides, measured by weight of active ingredients (ai), fell by 13%. They then rose by 6% between 1995 and 1996 to stand at 299,826 tonnes ai. But this still put them nearly 8% below the 1991 figure. The use of lower-dose pesticides has been a key contributor to the fall in weight of active ingredients sold in recent years....
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate nonhalogenated semivolatile organics in water. Treatability studies may be required to determine the contaminant biodegradability for any biodegradation technologies. Treatability studies are also necessary to ensure that the contaminated ground water can be treated effectively at the design flow. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly useful to any isolation or stabilization technologies. Ground water models are also...
The hazardous substances compliance standard was previously the Regulation Part 27 -Hazardous Substances and the advisory standard was previously the Code of Practice for the Management of Hazardous Substances at Work.
Your task as an employer is to assess the risk of chemical exposure and if necessary, to take steps to control it, in line with the Hazardous Substances Compliance Standard.
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This is a final report of the study on spent solvents under taken as a result of a consent decree between the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study discusses the wastes associated with the use of the materials as solvents, the toxicity of the wastes, and the management practices for the wastes. The chemicals included in this study are diethylamine, aniline, ethylene oxide, allyl chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and bromoform. In addition, this...
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