The kinetics, environmental influencing factors, products and reaction mechanism of aqueous phototransformation of bisphenol S (BPS), as an alternative to bisphenol A, which is of environmental concern, were investigated. p-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, as the major transformation product was confirmed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectrum analysis. A reaction pathway was proposed based on the reactive oxygen species related results by electron paramagnetic resonance and radical traps. The competition of the excited state of BPS between transferring electron to O2 to •O2- and directly oxidizing H2O to •OH was revealed.
Abstract
Improving our ability to predict the impact of climate change on the carbon (C) balance of boreal forests requires increased understanding of site-specific factors controlling detrital and soil C accumulation. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) stands along the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) in northern Canada have similar C stocks in aboveground vegetation and large woody detritus, but thick forest floors of poorly-drained black spruce stands have much higher C...
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Chromatography is a new process to most sugar technologists, yet it is fast becoming a tool of significance for recovering sucrose and other value by-products.
The CSEP® chromatographic separator, one of the most modern SMB industrial concepts, is uniquely flexible and adaptable to all the challenges in the growing use of chromatography for production scale separations. The technology has already penetrated the food & sweetener industries on a commercial basis.
The...
Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is a waste by-product generated in the manufacture of many chemicals. This waste material is normally absorbed in water and sold as muratic acid or it is neutralized and discharged into bodies of water.
For many years, the chemical industry has been looking for an economical process that would convert the waste HCl back into valuable recycle Chlorine. This technology is here. A new technology named CREG (for Chlorine REGeneration) converts the waste anhydrous HCl back into usable...
Abstract
The possibility of high temperature pyrolysis for gasification of plastics as a thermal recycling method has been investigated. A laboratory apparatus for high temperature pyrolysis was built up which consists of an inductive furnace with an equipment to collect the products of pyrolysis and to allow pyrolysis to take place in various gas atmospheres, e. g. argon and oxygen and mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen, which have been used in fact. The plastic material could be dipped below the surface being...
Three technologies that are most commonly used to treat halogenated VOCs in air emissions/off-gases are carbon adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and thermal oxidation.
Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology in which pollutants are removed from air by physical adsorption onto the carbon grain. Carbon is `activated` for this purpose by processing the carbon to create porous particles with a large internal surface area (300 to 2,500 square meters per gram of carbon) that attracts and adsorbs organic molecules...
Common treatment technologies for halogenated SVOCs in soil, sediment, and sludge include biodegradation, dehalogenation, incineration, and excavation with off-site disposal.
All types of biodegradation, both in situ or ex situ, can be considered to remediate soils: in situ bioremediation, bioventing, composting, controlled solid phase, or landfarming. Slurry phase biological treatment is also applicable but is less widely used. Treatability studies should be conducted to evaluate design parameters, such as...
The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. (USP) has proposed new specifications for Water for Injection (WFI) and Purified Water (PW). These specifications will include quantitative conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements will replace 100-year-old qualitative wet chemistry tests. The impetus behind these changes is to create a means of analysis that is less labor-intensive, yet more reflective of the water quality. A comparison of the current and proposed specifications is given in Table...
The United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. (USP) has proposed new specifications for Water for Injection (WFI) and Purified Water (PW). These specifications will include quantitative conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements will replace 100-year-old qualitative wet chemistry tests. The impetus behind these changes is to create a means of analysis that is less labor-intensive, yet more reflective of the water quality. A comparison of the current and proposed specifications is given in Table...
Summary
Appreciation of a membrane`s surface chemistry and steric exclusion character is needed to truly understand and predict membrane performance for specific industrial separations. The interpreter of membrane characterization data must consider both factors in the assessment of separation potential. The test conditions employed will strongly influence the separation data outcome, as will inherent surface force interactions between the membrane and solution components. Sepa® CF cell solute challenges and...
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