Successful achievement of the MDGs related to water and sanitation will require the right number of staff, in the right place, at the right time and equipped with the relevant skills to be able to design, implement and manage projects. In order to assess the capacity in the sector the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) commissioned a research study focusing on case studies in Bangladesh, East Timor, Mali, South Africa and Zambia. The aim was to develop and pilot a methodology in these five countries in order to derive quantitative and qualitative data about human resource requirements in the sector.
To avoid odor in sanitation systems, urine is usually diluted with water (flushed), which leads to high water consumption. The smell may remain in sanitation systems if the systems are not well managed, or if the urine is flushed with insufficient amounts of water. In this study, using the standard threshold odor number (TON) measurement as an indicator of urine odor, the effects of the pH and temperature of the diluting water regarding the amount of water:urine dilution ratio were studied. The effects of temperatu...
This study assesses the intermediate outcomes of the Tanzania National Sanitation Campaign (NSC) for schools. A cross-sectional study was designed as part of a process evaluation of the NSC in Tanzania on 70 primary schools and 54 regional and district education officers. Data was collected between August and December 2014 using questionaires, key informant interviews, and desk studies. The results showed that only 50% of schools met the Tanzania guideline of 50 boys per drop hole, while 43% met the guideline of...
Clinically relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria, genetic resistance elements, and antibiotic residues (so-called AMR) from human and animal waste are abundantly present in environmental samples. This presence could lead to human exposure to AMR. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a Global Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance with one of its strategic objectives being to strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research. With respect to a strategic research agenda on water,...
Despite increased promotion, sanitation programmes have varying degrees of success partly because of limited consideration of the wider context beyond individual factors in programme design. Although a recent model, Integrated Behaviour Model for Water Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) comprehensively addresses this gap, the model focuses on the initial adoption factors and lacks emphasis on the functioning of the entire sanitation system from toilet usage to the safe disposal of the waste. Hence application of...
The lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation has implications for the psychosocial well-being of individuals and households. To review the literature on psychosocial impacts, we completed a scoping review of the published literature using Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. Of the included studies, six were conducted in India, one in Nepal, one in Mexico, one in Bolivia, two in Ethiopia, one in Zimbabwe, one in South Africa, and two in...
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