Electric power systems (EPS) greatly support our daily activities and are therefore among the most prominent critical infrastructures that need to be reliable and resilient in providing their services. They are rather complex and vulnerable systems, being composed by two interdependent infrastructures: the electric infrastructure (EI) and its information-technology-based control system (ITCS), which controls and manages EI. Understanding the reciprocal effect of interdependencies among interacting infrastructures is tackled by many studies in several application sectors. In this paper, we address the quantitative assessment of the impact of interdependencies in EPS, focusing on blackoutsrelated indicators. The obtained results contribute to better understand the EPS vulnerabilities and are expected to provide useful guidelines towards enhanced design choices for EPS protection at architectural level.
Keywords: interdependencies, interdependency assessment, electric power systems, EPS, information technology, control systems, critical infrastructures, quantitative assessment, modelling framework, stochastic process, stochastic activity network, SAN, simulation, blackouts indicators
Introduction
Water and life are synonymous. Communities expect to be protected from floods, to have a reliable and safe water supply, to be able to swim and fish in rivers and lakes. Stakeholders who share water ultimately compete for that water, with conflicts becoming more critical during periods of prolonged drought, when there is not enough water to go around and rationing is enforced. Population growth, industrial and economic expansion and climate change will inevitably lead to more pressure on a finite...
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There are currently four types of software in widespread...
Water is under pressure in the Middle East and North Africa, a region which houses 4% of the world’s population but possesses only 1.4% of global water resources. A naturally scarce resource at the best of times faces increasing demand from a growing population with high expectations of water quality, supply and treatment. At the same time, the price of water fails to reflect the true cost of supply and treatment, and the water utilities continue to under perform compared with their European and American colleagues...
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Introduction
A desire for increased accuracy, simplicity and completeness is the primary reason why modellers wish to build large hydraulic models:
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To incorporate all the available data...
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Regardless of specific regulatory requirements,...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the applicability of current wastewater integration concepts to a batch production plant. As a case study a textile dyestuff batch production plant was chosen. First, a short introduction will be given to the current wastewater integration methods, which will be referred to later. Then, a water flow analysis of this water flow system is presented. This step is necessary to identify those processes generating the highest amount of wastewater and what actions can...
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