In support of legislation aimed at reducing the amount of material going into landfill, which includes waste generated by
both industry and the general public, the government has invested time and money to encourage the reuse and/or
recycling of secondary or waste products. Much of the investment made through the Wood programme of WRAP has
been targeted at finding uses for recycled wood in finished products and in raising the standards and quality of wood
recycling operations and the resulting recycled wood products.
Standards and specifications for the manufacture of products are being developed as more recycled material becomes
incorporated into end use products. The standards and specifications already developed for a number of finished
products include limits on the presence of chemical contaminants (inorganic constituents), particularly heavy metals
originating from wood preservative treatments as these are likely to be encountered in waste wood collected.
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
Diversion data following distribution of bins indicate that home composting probably won’t make a significant dent in New York City’s waste stream, but can more than pay its way and boost recycling awareness.
New York City may not normally be associated with yards and gardens, but there are good reasons to study backyard composting’s effect on waste diversion, especially because the impending closure of the city’s last landfill in 2001 means that nearly 12,000 tons/day of residential waste will have to be...
Solid waste wood is typically not considered to be an important recyclable commodity. However, for decades, wood residues from primary timber processing facilities have been made into usable products. Nearly all particleboard produced in the United States, for example, is made from such residues. Wooden pallets, once destined for landfills after only a few trips, are now being repaired and recycled at increasing rates. About one-third of all pallets produced annually are made from recycled wood. Solid waste wood...
For better or worse, citizens opposing waste management projects usually end up being labeled as NIMBYs — not in my backyard. This could have been the case in Halifax, Nova Scotia but instead, the citizens took their opposition one step further, basically taking the design for an acceptable waste management system into their own hands. In the process, they laid out the foundation for an integrated strategy for the four municipalities that now make up the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) that was adopted and...
Today`s final rule adds hazardous waste lamps to the federal list of universal wastes regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Handlers of universal wastes are subject to less stringent standards for storing, transporting, and collecting these wastes. The Agency has concluded that regulating spent hazardous waste lamps as a universal waste under 40 CFR Part 273 will lead to better management of these lamps and will facilitate compliance with hazardous waste requirements. Today`s final...
The Whole Earth Festival at the University of California-Davis is a student-organized event that takes place annually in early May. The weekend attendance is approximately 30,000 people, with 16 food vendors and 100-plus craft booths. One major emphasis of the festival is environmental sustainability.
To minimize waste generation, an integrated solid waste prevention strategy was conceptualized and implemented. The components were to: Exclude all materials from the system that were not easily biodegradable,...
If you live in a house, apartment or similar abode, you produce waste. Right? You probably can`t go a week without producing waste. All kinds of waste. Call it trash if you want. It`s still waste. And if you don`t live where recycling is mandatory or there is no outlet for your voluntary environmental tendencies, everything goes into the trash - bottles, cans, cardboard, plastics, bottle caps, paint cans, light bulbs, fluorescent lamps, camera and flashlight batteries, pesticide bottles, pressurized spray cans,...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is making available to the public a study containing information relating to its Proposed Rule addressing the management of mercury-containing lamps under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste management system published in the Federal Register on July 27, 1994, 59 FR 39288. The study consists of an electronic model and report that provides an assessment of mercury emissions from the management of mercury-containing lamps under different...
Common treatment technologies for halogenated SVOCs in soil, sediment, and sludge include biodegradation, dehalogenation, incineration, and excavation with off-site disposal.
All types of biodegradation, both in situ or ex situ, can be considered to remediate soils: in situ bioremediation, bioventing, composting, controlled solid phase, or landfarming. Slurry phase biological treatment is also applicable but is less widely used. Treatability studies should be conducted to evaluate design parameters, such as...
Unlike organic contaminants (and similar to metals), radionuclides cannot be destroyed or degraded; therefore, remediation technologies applicable to radionuclides involve separation, concentration/volume reduction, and/or immobilization. The most commonly used treatment technology for radionuclides in soil, sediment, and sludge is solidification/stabilization (S/S). This treatment technology is described briefly below.
Solidification processes produce monolithic blocks of waste with high structural integrity....
Containment treatments are often performed to prevent, or significantly reduce, the migration of contaminants in soils or ground water. Containment is necessary whenever contaminated materials are to be buried or left in place at a site. In general, containment is performed when extensive subsurface contamination at a site precludes excavation and removal of wastes because of potential hazards, unrealistic cost, or lack of adequate treatment technologies.
Containment treatments offer quick installation times and...
The main advantage of ex situ treatments is that they generally require shorter time periods, and there is more certainty about the uniformity of treatment because of the ability to screen, homogenize, and continuously mix the soils. Ex situ processes, however, require excavation of soils leading to increased costs and engineering for equipment, possible permitting, and materials handling worker safety issues.
Thermal treatments offer quick cleanup times but are typically the most costly treatment group. This...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
Introduction
An EU Directive is forcing waste disposal sites, such as refuse tips and landfills, to upgrade their anti-leaching precautions. This is especially the case in Sweden. Here, in its home market, Trelleborg is able to provide these sites with an environmentally friendly, seam-weldable rubber membrane to meet the stringent new requirements.
An EU Directive came is now in force that strengthened the environmen-tal requirements for refuse disposal sites. Sweden`s refuse tips have for many years been...
Reuse/Recycle: Recovery and reuse technologies for energetic materials, including both explosives and propellants, should be considered at explosives waste sites for several reasons. First, new recovery methods and potential uses for reclaimed explosive materials are rapidly developing. Second, recovery/reuse options reduce overall remediation costs by eliminating destruction costs and allowing the value of reclaimed materials to be recovered. Finally, EPA`s treatment hierarchy, which is based on environmental...
The most commonly used treatment technologies for inorganics in soil, sediment, and sludge include solidification/stabilization (S/S), excavation and off-site disposal, and acid extraction. These treatment technologies are described briefly below.
Solidification processes produce monolithic blocks of waste with high structural integrity. The contaminants do not necessarily interact chemically with the solidification reagents (typically cement/ash) but are mechanically locked within the solidified matrix....
This is a final report of the study on spent solvents under taken as a result of a consent decree between the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study discusses the wastes associated with the use of the materials as solvents, the toxicity of the wastes, and the management practices for the wastes. The chemicals included in this study are diethylamine, aniline, ethylene oxide, allyl chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and bromoform. In addition, this...
Customer comments
No comments were found for Assessment of types and levels of naturally occurring contaminants in virgin wood sources. Be the first to comment!
