The presence of residual chlorine and organic matter govern the bacterial regrowth within a water distribution system. The bacterial growth model is essential to predict the spatial and temporal variation of all these substances throughout the system. The parameters governing the bacterial growth and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) utilization are difficult to determine by experimentation. In the present study, the estimation of these parameters is addressed by using simulation-optimization procedure. The optimal solution by genetic algorithm (GA) has indicated that the proper combination of parameter values are significant rather than correct individual values. The applicability of the model is illustrated using synthetic data generated by introducing noise in to the error-free measurements. The GA was found to be a potential tool in estimating the parameters controlling the bacterial growth and BDOC utilization. Further, the GA was also used for evaluating the sensitivity issues relating parameter values and objective function. It was observed that μ and kcl are more significant and dominating compared to the other parameters. But the magnitude of the parameters is also an important issue in deciding the dominance of a particular parameter. GA is found to be a useful tool in autocalibration of bacterial growth model and a sensitivity study of parameters.
Keywords: BDOC, bacterial content, chlorine, distribution system, GA, sensitivity
Chlorine has been the mainstay of the wastewater disinfection industry for more than 100 years due to its effectiveness, low cost and availability. However, due to various problems associated with chlorine, the Hillsborough County, Florida Water Resource Services Department decided to replace the high-level reuse water chlorine gas disinfection system at the Valrico Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWTP) with an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP)...
With over 34 million passengers, and handling over 360 000 flights annually, Madrid Barajas Airport, Spain is the fifth largest airport in Europe. It is owned by AENA (Aeropuertos Espaoles y Navegacin Area), who manage over 60 airports throughout Spain and Latin America and handle over 160 million passengers each year.
On experiencing a growing number of complaints from the neighbouring community due to ground noise caused by aircraft in the parking area, Madrid Barajas Airport introduced night restrictions...
Introduction
This paper briefly describes the state of the art of environmental noise monitoring development in
Europe, including the needs, standards, legislation, data, technology, techniques and tools. This
paper will concentrate on the following areas:
• How Imagine and the development of ISO 20906 and ISO 1996 affect noise monitoring systems
• The need and role of professional databases and the move towards noise management
• How modern technology affects the design of state-of-the-art noise...
A geophysical analysis was conducted over the abandoned T&T subsurface mines and portions of the Muddy and Roaring Creek watersheds in northeastern Preston County, West Virginia. The data were collected using helicopter-borne measurements of frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) conductivity (390, 1555, 6254, 25,800, and 102,680 Hz). Noise was a significant issue in the lowest frequency EM conductivity data, especially the 390 Hz and 1555 Hz data, noise removal was accomplished by standard spatial frequency...
The 2002 Defense Authorization Act, requires a comprehensive assessment of unexploded ordnance, discarded military munitions, and munitions constituents located at current and former
defense sites. To support this requirement, the Army National Guard (ARNG) is conducting a assessment of the environmental vulnerabilities at its Training Centers. The goals of the
assessment include providing Installation Commanders an environmental sustainment profile of their installations as well as the ability for ARNG to...
Background:
The 2.5 MLD Airey’s Inlet Water Treatment Plant is conventional alum coagulation, sludge blanket clarification, filtration WTP. It sources raw water from the 514 ML Painkalac Dam situated in the Angahook State Park This raw water is soft and high in colour and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). After heavy rainfalls, colour and DOC content are known to further increase along with a spike in turbidity. In response to these events, the plant operators are required to increase alum dosage to >80 mg/Land...
Water is under pressure in the Middle East and North Africa, a region which houses 4% of the world’s population but possesses only 1.4% of global water resources. A naturally scarce resource at the best of times faces increasing demand from a growing population with high expectations of water quality, supply and treatment. At the same time, the price of water fails to reflect the true cost of supply and treatment, and the water utilities continue to under perform compared with their European and American colleagues...
A wave of privatization is rolling through the water industry – at the environment‘s expense? In order to provide an answer to this question, the Environmental-Rating agency oekom research AG, Munich, put a number of water supply companies and manufacturers of water appliances to the environmental test. In results published today, oekom identifies the British water supplier Severn Trent as the environmental leader of the water supply group with a B grade in the overall Environmental-Rating. The Austrian water...
Imagine being in charge of a chemical company. One day a fire breaks out, and an employee, designated as a first responder, is killed fighting the blaze. Then OSHA investigators discover that the man died primarily because both his training and his equipment were inadequate. This scenario is why CPL 2-2.59A should put anyone who runs a HAZMAT facility into a state of introspection. These employers need to ask themselves: `When was the last time that our Emergency Response Plan was brought up to date? Do our...
Sound level meters
Description and ApplicationsThe sound level meter is a lightweight instrument for the measurement of sound pressure level (SPL) in decibels. All ANSI-approved meters meet minimum requirements that include an A-weighted network, a slow-response meter characteristic, and a fully graduated scale with measurements ranging from 80 to 130 dBA. The Type II meter is most frequently used. Applications are in worker exposure and noise evaluations.
Octave Band AnalyzerSome sound level meters may have...
Definitions
Threshold and criterion levels
The threshold level is the A-weighted sound level at which a personal noise dosimeter begins to integrate noise into a measured exposure. For example, if the threshold level on a sound level meter is set at 80 decibels (dB), it will capture and integrate into the computation of dose all noise in the employee`s hearing zone that equals or exceeds 80 dB. Sound levels below this threshold would not be included in the computation of noise dose.
The criterion level is the...
Introduction
Composting is a controlled biological process by which organic contaminants (e.g., PAHs) are converted by microorganisms (under aerobic and anaerobic conditions) to innocuous, stabilized byproducts. Typically, thermophilic conditions (54 to 65 °C) must be maintained to properly compost soil contaminated with hazardous organic contaminants. The increased temperatures result from heat produced by microorganisms during the degradation of the organic material in the waste. In most cases, this is...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
Introduction
The principle of electrokinetic remediation relies upon application of a low-intensity direct current through the soil between ceramic electrodes that are divided into a cathode array and an anode array. This mobilizes charged species, causing ions and water to move toward the electrodes. Metal ions, ammonium ions, and positively charged organic compounds move toward the cathode. Anions such as chloride, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, and negatively charged organic compounds move toward the anode. The...
The control of microbial growth in systems for producing United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Purified Water is of critical importance to pharmaceutical manufacturers. It is also of critical importance to the United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. (USP) organization, as evidenced by the sheer number of pages dedicated to the control of micro-organisms in the proposed USP 23 General Information chapter 1231 `Water For Pharmaceutical Purposes` (1).
If a water purification system is designed, operated, and maintaine...
Introduction
The ability to hear sounds is a sensory function vital for human survival and communication. However, not all sounds are wanted. `Unwanted sounds`, for which the term `noise` is normally used, often have their origin in human activities (mainly transport, industry and households).
This article addresses environmental noise also referred to in the scientific literature as community, or residential, noise. Environmental noise is the noise experienced by people generated outside households. Noise...
INTRODUCTION
As the electronics industry continues to provide us with such products as high resolution television, notebook size portable computers and cars with automatic navigation systems, it becomes necessary to produce semiconductors with finer device geometries to allow for efficient placement of more circuits per a given area. This requires increased control of a semiconductor`s material characteristics by eliminating impurities in the circuit material or on its surface.
Likewise, amazing drugs such as...
Customer comments
No comments were found for Autocalibration of dynamic bacterial growth model for water distribution system using GA. Be the first to comment!
