Water shortage in China is caused by the uneven distribution of water resources, a situation that can worsen given overexploitation and pollution. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) emission is considered the most important water pollutant. Using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, we analyse the main driving factors of the 2001–2011 changes in China's industrial water consumption-related COD emission. The main driving factors of COD emission are classified into five effects, namely, end-of-pipe treatment, COD emission intensity, water intensity, structural effect, and scale effect. In contrast to previous studies, the current work considers water consumption by using water intensity as an index. Results show that end-of-pipe treatment, with an effect of up to 35%, was the primary factor that influenced emission reduction during the studied period. Pollution reduction policies are key drivers of promoting advancements in technologies for reducing COD emission in industrial sectors, and technical efficiency in 2001–2011.
Biological nutrient removal (BNR) technology can suffer poor performance or complete failure due to the fastidious nature of the bacteria used in the system. The bacteria involved necessitate strict operating conditions, multiple zones with one or more recycling lines, carbon source augmentation, and efficient aeration. For wastewater treatment plants receiving significant combined sewer overflows and industrial wastewater, maintaining a stable BNR system can becostly and challenging.Shoun et al (1991) demonstrated...
Mercury (Hg) is considered a priority pollutant because of its toxicity and potential for strong bioaccumulation.There are many serious environmental and human health concerns associated with elevated levels of Hg linked to industrial Hg emissions.2,3 Complex biological and chemical interactions, however, prolong Hg cycling between the various environmental compartments.4 The complex environmental chemistry of Hg has been reviewed in the literature,1,4,5 and ongoing scientific study continues to elucidate...
Water is under pressure in the Middle East and North Africa, a region which houses 4% of the world’s population but possesses only 1.4% of global water resources. A naturally scarce resource at the best of times faces increasing demand from a growing population with high expectations of water quality, supply and treatment. At the same time, the price of water fails to reflect the true cost of supply and treatment, and the water utilities continue to under perform compared with their European and American colleagues...
Introduction
Danfoss is a global manufacturer of hermetic compressors, pumps, valves, motors and other electrical control units. The company owns a major manufacturing facility located on a small island, Als, in the Baltic Sea. In 1983 the company was routinely withdrawing two million cubic meters of fresh water from the sole aquifer which supplies the entire island, home to 50,000 residents. This was well within the limit of three million cubic meters authorized by local officials.
In 1983, Danfoss discovered...
A wave of privatization is rolling through the water industry – at the environment‘s expense? In order to provide an answer to this question, the Environmental-Rating agency oekom research AG, Munich, put a number of water supply companies and manufacturers of water appliances to the environmental test. In results published today, oekom identifies the British water supplier Severn Trent as the environmental leader of the water supply group with a B grade in the overall Environmental-Rating. The Austrian water...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
To avoid the atmospheric emissions of halogenated solvents, some chemical processes have a water scrubbing step, in combination with other techniques; nevertheless, this way is likely to produce a heavy waste water pollution.
By the use of adsorbent resins all the solvent present in the water from the scrubber can be efficiently removed and recovered for reuse in the same o different process, avoiding the pollution.
The main differences to other adsorption process, (as active carbon adsorption) is the ability...
This paper presents the operating results of ozone treatment of the water in a cooling system with an open loop containing the following elements:
• Main cooling water pumps• Cooling water storage tanks• Distribution manifold to cooling water users• Cooling water collecting basins• Cooling water recycling pumps• Cooling tower
The system reviewed in this paper is the side stream cooling system of a power station in Germany, with a capacity of 1000 m3 /h (4400 US gpm). Operation started in early 1989 and the...
The Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) in Nova Scotia took a giant leap in 1998 to reaching a 50 percent diversion goal by 2000. Between July and November, 1998, organics collection carts were distributed to almost 100,000 households in the region. In December, two new composting facilities designed to process those materials, as well as feedstocks from the commercial sector, opened their doors.
“The Halifax Regional Municipality’s new integrated solid waste-resource management system is ‘leading edge’ in all...
Abstract
Africa
The economic and social needs of Africa depends more on its environmental resources but these natural resources are seriously declining and that is really effecting the entire region. Sustainable development in this rapidly changing region has become an imperative, and must take place in the complex context of a diverse and changing ecosystem, political transition and evolution toward market economies.
The region is heading towards integrating environmental components into sectors like...
Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
BASF Australia is saving $120,000 per year after installing a $40,000 pump that enabled them to recover valuable acrylic latex previously flushed to effluent when equipment was washed. They are also saving on water costs and thinking about cleaner production led the company to improved scheduling which boosted productivity.
Background
Based in Victoria, BASF Australia manufactures a range of acrylic latex products. These are packaged into different sized containers for transport and sale.
The process
Until...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
Measuring and valuing the health impacts of pollution are very complex and available methods of economic analysis are often rudimentary. In recent years, considerable progress has been made, especially in respect to air pollution. This note summarizes the latest findings and outlines some basic approaches that can be applied in the economic analysis of Bank projects and sector studies. However, a degree of uncertainty still remains, and great care must be taken in their application.
Background
Investments in...
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate nonhalogenated semivolatile organics in water. Treatability studies may be required to determine the contaminant biodegradability for any biodegradation technologies. Treatability studies are also necessary to ensure that the contaminated ground water can be treated effectively at the design flow. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly useful to any isolation or stabilization technologies. Ground water models are also...
A treatment train is the combination of different treatment technologies. A system diagram of a common treatment train for inorganics is illustrated below. Metal contaminated soil is treated using the combination of electrokinetics and phytoremediation. Electrokinetics is used to remove metals from deep soil and ground water. A low density direct current is applied to mobilize charged species, causing ions and water to move toward the electrodes. Metal ions move toward the cathode, and anions move toward anode....
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
Modeling may be necessary to estimate the changes in ambient air quality, both locally and at a distance, caused by a particular set of emissions. Modeling can be appropriate for new plants and for modifications to existing plants. This note provides guidance on some models that may be useful in the context of typical World Bank Group projects.
Introduction
Air quality is an issue of increasing concern in many countries, and projects which either introduce new sources of emissions or are designed to reduce...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
Site soil conditions frequently limit the selection of a treatment process. Process-limiting characteristics such as pH or moisture content may sometimes be adjusted. In other cases, a treatment technology may be eliminated based upon the soil classification (e.g., particle-size distribution) or other soil characteristics.
Soils are inherently variable in their physical and chemical characteristics. Usually the variability is much greater vertically than horizontally, resulting from the variability in the...
The U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Environmental Restoration Program directs the assessment and cleanup of inactive sites and surplus facilities contaminated from previous defense and non-defense-related programs. All cleanup activities must comply with federal, state, Indian Nation, and local laws and regulations. In completing environmental restoration activities, DOE is committed to working with stakeholders to understand technical issues and evaluate alternatives. Two important program goals include...
Customer comments
No comments were found for Decomposition analysis of water consumption-related chemical oxygen demand emission in Chinese industrial sectors. Be the first to comment!
