Many water providers in urban developing country contexts have to supply the water intermittently due to the disparity between rapidly growing demand and investment in supply infrastructure. This can lead to water quality risks such as ingress of polluted groundwater and unsafe household storage. This study has investigated the common risks and possible alternative solutions down the supply chain in the Nagpur municipal piped network through quantitative and qualitative data collection. The water quality testing indicated a significant reduction in water quality between tap and point-of-use. Interviews and a sanitary survey indicated storage design, inappropriate extraction practice and children's access as the most frequent household storage risks. The people with socio-economically lower status were found to be in greatest need of interventions. The study leads to the following recommendations: there is a need for the evolution of a Water Safety Plan to enable supportive structures for good risk assessment which includes all stakeholders from source to point-of-use; community awareness of water quality risks needs to be raised; low cost ‘improved’ water storage at household level should be promoted; and the levels of residual chlorine should be investigated and adjustments made to assure potable water at point-of-use.
Keywords: intermittent supply, water quality, Water Safety Plan
In recent years, the consumption of refillable bottled water has increased considerably in emerging countries. However, the quality of this water is often questionable, as authorities lack the capacity to properly check refilling depots. Given that refillable bottled water not only replaces unimproved water sources, but also better-quality sources, like piped and branded bottled water, its increasing use poses a major health risk. We investigate the motives behind the decision to switch to refillable bottled...
This study assessed the risks posed by noroviruses (NoVs) in surface water used for drinking, domestic, and recreational purposes in South Africa (SA), using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methodology that took a probabilistic approach coupling an exposure assessment with four dose-response models to account for uncertainty. Water samples from three rivers were found to be contaminated with NoV GI (80–1,900 gc/L) and GII (420–9,760 gc/L) leading to risk estimates that were lower for GI than GII....
Auditing the new ISO 14001:2015: Environment Impacts does not equal Risk
In recent transition audits, there has been one common misconception that I have seen repeated, and that is that environmental impacts are risks. This is not correct. Environmental impacts do not equal risk.
Let’s start with the definition of environmental impact from the ISO 14001:2015 standard.
“3.2.4 – environmental impact: change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting...
For many years, one of the UK’s largest food manufacturers has made it their business to be the best at producing all manner of bespoke cooked and raw, ready-to-eat vegetables and carbohydrates for their customers, who include chilled food manufacturers, food-to-go operators and, of course, major supermarkets. Being the best means not only complying with food quality standards set by customers and legislation, but being ahead of them. Water quality is no exception.
What is Cryptosporidium?
The Food...
In the paper the issue of failure risk assessment in water supply system (WSS) was presented. Problems of water supply network failure constitute a crucial issue in waterworks practice. The results of the analysis were obtained on the basis of real data from water network operation. Attention has been paid to the problem of risk assessment in the context of risk acceptance criteria. An example of criteria application was shown for the exemplary water supply network. The water network indicators: failure frequency,...
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