Mechanical properties of loessial soils are the functions of their in-situ physical conditions, geological history, as well as actual load distribution at the site of interest. It is well known that the bearing capacity of loesses and loessial soils decreases with an increase in their porosity and water content. Physical and mechanical properties of soils can be determined by different laboratory and field methods. Technical and economic advantages and/or disadvantages of utilizing these methods are discussed. Field and laboratory test results are presented in tabulated form and analyzed. The paper describes the technique of plate load tests performed at three construction sites located near the city of Odessa (Soviet Union). Information obtained during the field tests was compared with results of soil tests carried out in the laboratory on hand-carved (undisturbed!) specimens.
Enhanced in situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater has been successfully demonstrated at many sites by supplying lactic acid as an electron donor. The source of lactate for these successful pilot tests is Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC), a polylactate ester specially formulated for slow release of lactic acid upon hydration. HRC has been delivered to chlorinated solvent groundwater plumes by being contained in perforated canisters hung in wells, by being injected into the contaminated...
This paper compares the results of two separate field tests using slow and fast releasing polylactate esters to remediate chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) contamination in groundwater by enhancing reductive dechlorination. The two polylactate esters generate molecular hydrogen in groundwater at different rates to serve as electron donors for reduction-oxidation reactions. At both sites, both the fast and slow releasing polylactate esters have been shown to effectively change groundwater conditions to...
In this paper, preliminary tests are presented to validate the sterilisation capabilities of a new compact apparatus for the sterilisation of medical waste, called MWS ECOPROTECTORTM. The MWS process is constituted of two essential steps: waste shredding and microwave heating in a pressure vessel with a particularly efficient technology called RIMMä ä. Upon shredding, the waste is wetted with a disinfecting solution in order to increase microwave absorption and to disinfect the shredder surfaces. Bacteriological...
In this work sugar refinery carbonatation sludge is treated in a pilot scale facility for two purposes: reuse in the carbonatation process, mixed with fresh calcium hydroxide, and flue gas desulphurisation. The sludge is first dried, and then calcinated in a batch kiln with a capacity of 100 kg, designed for the purpose. This process is potentially attractive for the sugar industry, since it can save both process water and calcium oxide, simultaneously reducing the amount of wastewater. This paper presents the...
This paper reports on a research project on the use of recycled carpet and textile fibers for soil reinforcement. Laboratory evaluation of soil reinforced with different recycled fibers, different processing conditions and different dosage rates has been conducted. Their effects on soil compaction characteristics and triaxial compressive behavior are studied.
Light
Description and Applications
The light meter is a portable unit designed to measure visible, UV, and near-UV light in the workplace. (The CTC has a UV light meter available through its loan program, ALEP.)
The light meter is capable of reading any optical unit of energy or power level if the appropriate detector has been calibrated with the meter. The spectral range of the instrument is limited only by the choice of detector.
Steady-state measurements can be made from a steady-state source using the...
Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
Information presented for SVOCs may also be appropriate for many of the contaminants presented in this subsection.
The term `explosive waste` commonly is used to refer to propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics (PEP), which technically fall into the more general category of energetic materials. These materials are susceptible to initiation, or self-sustained energy release, when present in sufficient quantities and exposed to stimuli such as heat, shock, friction, chemical incompatibility, or electrostatic...
The main advantage of in situ treatments is that they allow ground water to be treated without being brought to the surface, resulting in significant cost savings. In situ processes, however, generally require longer time periods, and there is less certainty about the uniformity of treatment because of the variability in aquifer characteristics and because the efficacy of the process is more difficult to verify.
Physical/chemical treatment uses the physical properties of the contaminants or the contaminated...
Biopile treatment is a full-scale technology in which excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments and placed on a treatment area that includes leachate collection systems and some form of aeration. It is used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents in excavated soils through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat, nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to enhance biodegradation.
The treatment area will generally be covered or contained with an impermeable liner to minimize the risk of...
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate inorganics in ground water, surface water, and leachate. Treatability studies are usually necessary to ensure that the contaminated ground water can be treated effectively at the design flow. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly important to characterize the effects of adsorption and other processes of attenuation. Ground water models are also often needed to predict flow characteristics, changes in contaminant mixes and...
Introduction
The recent evolution of spiral-wound membrane element (sepralator) design brings an increased need to understand the intricacies of testing, operating and predicting performance of this most popular crossflow membrane design. After over a decade of stagnant development, the last five years have produced several innovations, which diversify and expand the applications as well as improve the performance of sepralators.
These innovations include improved materials of construction for specialized...
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