An artificial neural network (ANN) model with six hydrological factors including time of concentration (TC), curve number, slope, imperviousness, area and input discharge as input parameters and number of check dams (NCD) as output parameters was developed and created using GIS and field surveys. The performance of this model was assessed by the coefficient of determination R2, root mean square error (RMSE), values account and mean absolute error (MAE). The results showed that the computed values of NCD using ANN with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model regarding RMSE, MAE, values adjustment factor (VAF), and R2 (1.75, 1.25, 90.74, and 0.97) for training, (1.34, 0.89, 97.52, and 0.99) for validation and (0.53, 0.8, 98.32, and 0.99) for test stage, respectively, were in close agreement with their respective values in the watershed. Finally, the sensitivity analysis showed that the area, TC and curve number were the most effective parameters in estimating the number of check dams.
An inappropriate development programme at a mega-tourist project has dramatically reduced water levels in the underground aquifers at Bahias de Huatulco, a beautiful site on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. The indigenous communities in the neighbouring highlands suffered, as their forests were logged and their identity was threatened by the pressures from the globalised tourist programme. By compensating rural groups for their efforts to protect and rebuild these forests, a watershed rehabilitation programme...
The objective of this paper is to develop a systematic methodology for mass integration in drain systems and watersheds. Mass integration is a holistic approach to the tracking, transformation, and allocation of species and streams. The watershed and drain system is first discretized into reaches. The MFA model developed in part I of this work (Simulation and Application to Ammonium Management in Bahr El-Baqar Drain System) is used to describe the environmental phenomena that affect the fate and transport of...
This paper describes the development of artificial neural network-based vehicular exhaust emission models for predicting 8-h average carbon monoxide concentrations at two air quality control regions (AQCRs) in the city of Delhi, India, viz. a typical traffic intersection (AQCR1) and a typical arterial road (AQCR2). Maximum of ten meteorological and six traffic characteristic variables have been used in the models formulation. Three scenarios were considered—considering both meteorological and traffic characteristic...
Water management in most parts of the world has long followed a pattern of functional specialization (FS). Water agencies, companies, or departments of government supply water. Other agencies, companies, or departments supply wastewater services. Yet a third group is charged with flood control and storm runoff management. Of course some water utilities supply both water and wastewater services, and some government departments include all three branches of the water sector. These may appear to be exceptions, but...
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the development of a decision support system (DSS) for flood warning and instantiation of restoration activities in two urban areas, the Liguria Region in Italy and the Greater Athens catchment in Greece, with the potential of extension to other locations with similar flooding problems. The tool is designed to work at the centre of a set of meteorological and hydrologic/hydraulic forecast models together with telemetric data acquisition networks. The study reveals the complexity and...
On January 13, 2003, US EPA released its new National Water Quality Trading Program. This policy calls on states to develop programs for trading water pollution reduction credits, much as has been done with air pollutants for several years. This approach is consistent with the Bush Administration`s preference for market-based solutions to environmental issues. Trading is likely to be helpful in addressing water quality impairments associated with non-point sources (NPS), such as agriculture, that are often beyond...
Introduction
“Sustainable Development” is an increasingly important concept in most industries today, and one in which the water industry has been making rapid progress for over a decade. In countries around the world, including the USA, Europe, and Australia, Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUD) structures - permeable pavements, ponds, and the like - are reducing the volumes of direct urban runoff, and helping to resolve problems such as flooding and pollutant spills to rivers.
However, until recently, waste...
Abstract
The development of numerical codes, as well as pre- and post-processors to support these codes, has made the discipline of groundwater modelling increasingly more automated and efficient. The value of such modelling is reliant on the site-specific data used to build and calibrate the models. The integration of EarthSoft`s EQuISÒ Geology and any of several popular modelling environments results in a data management and analysis system that is more complete than the modelling system alone. Water level...
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the applicability of current wastewater integration concepts to a batch production plant. As a case study a textile dyestuff batch production plant was chosen. First, a short introduction will be given to the current wastewater integration methods, which will be referred to later. Then, a water flow analysis of this water flow system is presented. This step is necessary to identify those processes generating the highest amount of wastewater and what actions can...
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling heavy metal leaching have been investigated in a pilot landfill containing cemented municipal solid waste incinerator flue gas scrubber residues. Leachate composition with respect to Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn has been determined as a function of hydrological and geochemical properties of the landfilled material. During dry periods the leachate composition was constant. During rain events the leachate was diluted with rain water. The change in concentration of the elements in the...
A pilot study for delineating wellhead protection areas was undertaken in Cacapava, Brazil, which integrated three-dimensional capture zone modelling with available groundwater and contaminant-source databases, using a four-step process. A contaminant source inventory was developed and each source was ranked based on its potential impact. Next, the thickness of the unsaturated zone and the surficial soil characteristics were used to define regions of higher and lower groundwater vulnerability based on travel time...
Regional-scale groundwater flow and thermal transport modelling was completed as one component of a multi-disciplinary subwatershed study for a portion of the Credit River, west of Toronto, Canada. Aggregate extraction activities in the area have the potential to alter the groundwater flow system. The concern regards the quantity and temperature of groundwater being discharged to streams and watertable drawdown, since present discharge conditions support a cold water fishery in the Credit River and change in...
Introduction:
Co-metabolism is one form of secondary substrate transformation in which enzymes produced for primary substrate oxidation are capable of degrading the secondary substrate fortuitously, even though the secondary substrates do not afford sufficient energy to sustain the microbial population. An emerging application involves the injection of water containing dissolved primary substrate (e.g. methane, toluene) and oxygen into ground water to support the co-metabolic breakdown of targeted organic...
Fuel contaminants are generally nonhalogenated. Information presented for nonhalogenated VOCs and nonhalogenated SVOCs may also be appropriate for many of the fuel contaminants presented in this subsection.
Contamination by fuel contaminants in the unsaturated zone exists in four phases: vapor in the pore spaces; sorbed to subsurface solids; dissolved in water; or as NAPL. The nature and extent of transport are determined by the interactions among contaminant transport properties (e.g., density, vapor pressure,...
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