In many big cities, surface runoff is collected by separate collection system and is then directed to
receiving water bodies. Since it washes out the materials from the surface of different lands, is known
as the source of pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one class of carcinogenic
contaminants that are commonly found in storm water runoff. In this study, phenanthrene was
measured in the surface runoff of south of Tehran, capital of Iran. After identifying three main
drainage channels, three sampling stations were chosen, based of the fact that all urban surface runoffs
completely passed through these points and taken samples were more expected as representative of all
kinds of pollutants. Surface runoff flows in three main channels from north to south of Tehran. At each
month two samples were taken from each station, afterwards concerning the USEPA method, 60
samples were extracted and analyzed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography device. Results
show that the average concentration of PAH in the most polluted drainage was about 9.4 μg/l. The
minimum and the maximum concentrations of PAH in all of the taken samples were zero and, 15.1
μg/l, respectively. In the rainy season, the concentration of phenanthrene was the highest, because the
rain washed out the pollutant from the surface of the street. In addition, the concentration of
phenanthrene in the middle drainage channel was more than two others, because this station received
the runoff from city center whose traffic load was high.
Today`s analytical laboratories require universal, flexible and open software solutions to cope with the ever changing needs. This report illustrates how these requirements for chromatographic data processing software can be met in different types of laboratories.Acquisition and Processing of Chromatography DataIn former times an analytical chemist spent most of the time with the analysis itself. Today acquisition and processing of the analytical data are the most time consuming processes. Very often new instrument...
This is a collection of various cases where the 2D resistivity imaging method pioneered by Advanced Geosciences Inc have been successfully applied. Click on a section below and you will be shown a full 2D resistivity imaging brochure detailing the case in question.
Acknowledgement:
These cases have been submitted by satisfied customers whom we thank for permission to publish their data on the web. Each detailed broschure will have a citation for the source of the data.
Using...
Water is under pressure in the Middle East and North Africa, a region which houses 4% of the world’s population but possesses only 1.4% of global water resources. A naturally scarce resource at the best of times faces increasing demand from a growing population with high expectations of water quality, supply and treatment. At the same time, the price of water fails to reflect the true cost of supply and treatment, and the water utilities continue to under perform compared with their European and American colleagues...
Recognition of the relationship between increasing phosphorus inputs to surface waters and the subsequent increase in eutrophication of water bodies gave rise to public concern during the 1970’s and 1980’s. This led to action by several countries including the USA, Japan and some EU member states, to reduce phosphorus loads, particularly from urban and industrial point sources.
The two main areas of action that have taken place, particularly in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s are:
A reduction in the amount...
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Source specificity and persistence of several sulfur-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs), nitro-PAHs (N-PAHs), and triphenylene were examined via analyses of stormwater runoff and wastewater effluent samples and spiked samples upon exposure to sunlight. Samples were collected during the 1997/1998 wet weather season from two major storm channels and four major wastewater treatment plants in southern California. Among the target compounds examined, 2-(4-morpholinyl)benzothiazole,...
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Executive Summary
Water policy in the European Union is aiming to promote sustainable water use and a major objective of the new Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is the long-term progressive reduction of contaminant discharges to the aquatic environment in urban wastewater (UWW). Sewage sludge is also a product of wastewater treatment and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) aims to encourage the use of sludge whenever appropriate. Potentially toxic elements...
ABSTRACT: The polylactate esters of sorbitol, xylitol and glycerol are a class of new chemical compounds that slowly release lactic acid into groundwater. The lactic acid is biotransformed into pyruvic acid and subsequently into acetic acid releasing hydrogen in both steps. The hydrogen is used by naturally occurring dechlorinating bacteria to reduce PCE to ethene by way of TCE, DCE and VC. A chemical mechanistic model of all of the reactions involved including absorption and desorption of all the chemical...
ABSTRACT
Past practices at the now closed Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, CA caused diesel and fuel oil range organic (DFRO) contamination of the soil. The high clay content of the soils
makes any remediation effort especially challenging. Chromatography of methylene chloride extracts of Mare Island soil confirmed that little weathering or degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbons had occurred and very few hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were present in contaminated soil samples. A treatability study...
Executive Summary
This case study describes a field analytical method that was used to measure PCB surficial contamination in empty drums to be cleaned by a new process. Approximately 7,000 empty 55-gallon drums that previously contained PCB-contaminated material had accumulated at the Department of Energy (DOE)’s East Tennessee Technology Park in Oak Ridge, TN. Because disposal of these drums following regulator-approved methods would have been very costly, DOE requested permission from the Environmental...
ABSTRACTTwo settling devices treating rainwater from urban drainage areas and equipped with secondary sludge treatment were monitored over a period exceeding one year. The two devices differ in their design and in the quantity and quality of effluents received. Full analyses over approximately 30 mean samples of the intake and discharge effluents allowed judgment of the mean efficiency of pollution control and the reduction in impact of the storm water. The observed settlement was compared to measurements of...
ABSTRACTRunoff from highways contains significant loads of heavy metals and hydrocarbons. According to German regulations, it should be infiltrated over embankments to support groundwater-recharge. To investigate the decontaminating effect of greened embankments, soil-monoliths from highways with high traffic densities were taken. Soils were analyzed to characterize the contamination in relation to distance and depth for lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, PAH and MOTH. Lysimeters were charged in the field and laboratory...
Abstract
Products of the chemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using triethanolamine were investigated. The process conditions and equipment were described. Miscibility of the products with some commercial polyols designated for rigid polyurethane foam synthesis was investigated and rheoviscometric characteristics determined. The PET chemical recycling product was used instead of the part of commercial polyol. The prepared rigid polyurethane foams have density about 30 kg· m-3, compression...
The use of compost in various environmental applications is one of the most intensive areas of compost research being pursued today. The high organic matter content and biological activity of compost makes it effective for use in a variety of applications. Five of these will be reviewed in this article: erosion control, revegetation, biofiltration, bioremediation, and wetlands construction.
EROSION CONTROL
Erosion control is a relatively new and promising application for compost. Research has shown that...
Sites where halogenated VOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants or disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating/metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars/aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking collection and system sanitary lines, leaking storage tanks, radioactive/mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds/lagoons, paint stripping and spray booth areas, pesticide/herbicide mixing areas, solvent...
Many companies are subject to environmental regulations without realizing it. In general, any business, big or small, commercial or industrial, which emits vapors or dust into the air, discharges process waste water into a sewer or on the ground, or generates a solid waste for disposal may be subject to environmental regulations. If a business uses a great many chemicals, or volumes of chemical, or has a file of material safety data sheet (MSDSs), then the company may be susceptible to reporting requirements. In...
Abstract
In this study, field analytical instrumentation and methods were used to support a risk assessment study at the airfield at Hanscom Air Force Base (HAFB, Bedford, Massachusetts). The site investigation is part of an ongoing effort to determine contaminant risk to ground water from soil. The field tools supported a dynamic workplan/adaptive sampling and analysis demonstration. Over a two-week period, 601 soil samples were screened (30-sec/sample) for volatile organic compounds by direct measuring thermal...
Introduction:
Soil washing is a water-based process for scrubbing soils ex situ to remove contaminants. The process removes contaminants from soils in one of two ways:
By dissolving or suspending them in the wash solution (which can be sustained by chemical manipulation of pH for a period of time).
By concentrating them into a smaller volume of soil through particle size separation, gravity separation, and attrition scrubbing (similar to those techniques used in sand and gravel operations).
Soil washing...
A treatment train is the combination of different treatment technologies. A system diagram of a common treatment train for fuels is illustrated below. The fuel contaminated soil is first treated using a soil washing process. Water is injected at the up stream side of the contaminated site. Surfactant or other additives may be added to enhance the soil washing effect. Contaminated water is pulled out through extraction wells installed at the down stream side for further treatment. An in situ bioremediation process...
` In order to determine the impacts of a particular discharge on ambient water quality, it is usually necessary to model the diffusion and dispersion of the discharge in the relevant water body. The approach applies both to new discharges and to upgrading of existing sources. This note provides guidance on models that may be applicable in the context of typical Bank projects.`
Introduction
Mathematical models can be used to predict changes in ambient water quality due to changes in discharges of wastewater. In...
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate fuels in ground water. Treatability testing to characterize contaminant biodegradability and nutrient content may be needed for any biodegradation technology. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly important to characterize the migration of NAPLs. Recovery tests are usually necessary to design a product/ground water pumping scheme that will ensure that the nonaqueous fuel layer can be recovered and that contaminated ground...
Site soil conditions frequently limit the selection of a treatment process. Process-limiting characteristics such as pH or moisture content may sometimes be adjusted. In other cases, a treatment technology may be eliminated based upon the soil classification (e.g., particle-size distribution) or other soil characteristics.
Soils are inherently variable in their physical and chemical characteristics. Usually the variability is much greater vertically than horizontally, resulting from the variability in the...
Abstract
For over 15 years, membrane separation processes have been very effectively utilized as essential components of electrodeposition (ED) paint processes. ED is the accepted method of applying the undercoat paint layer to new automobiles and appliances. As cross-flow membrane and ED paint technologies mature, new applications combining the two have been developed. A major American automobile manufacturer now uses reverse osmosis (RO) to treat ultrafiltration (UF) permeate generated by an ED paint process,...
Executive Summary
The principal objective of this survey was to provide an indication of ambient levels of benzene in the immediate vicinity of petrol stations in the Greater London Area. The study, which was intended as a pilot exercise, has been commissioned by the Department of the Environment in response to a requirement to assess the implications and effectiveness of a recommendation made by the House of Commons Select Committee for Stage II controls to be fitted ahead of the deadline proposed within the EU...
Air sparging involves injecting a gas (usually air/oxygen) under pressure into the saturated zone to volatilize groundwater contaminants and to promote biodegradation in saturated and unsaturated soils by increasing subsurface oxygen concentrations. Vola tilized vapors migrate into the vadose zone where they are extracted via vacuum, generally by a soil vapor extraction system. The term biosparging is sometimes used interchangeably with air sparging to highlight the bioremediation aspect of the treatment process...
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Summary:
Images of the aftermath of an emergency spill are all too familiar. The longer
it takes to begin cleanup, the greater the injury to the environment, wildlife
and the reputation of the companies involved. In June 1994, a pipeline carrying
ethylene dichloride (EDC) ruptured, releasing chemical into a drainage ditch
that discharged into a commercial shipping channel. The rupture was caused by
external corrosion, which led to pipeline failure. The release...
Summary
Appreciation of a membrane`s surface chemistry and steric exclusion character is needed to truly understand and predict membrane performance for specific industrial separations. The interpreter of membrane characterization data must consider both factors in the assessment of separation potential. The test conditions employed will strongly influence the separation data outcome, as will inherent surface force interactions between the membrane and solution components. Sepa® CF cell solute challenges and...
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