Determination of several potential virulence factors in non-o1 Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, faecal coliforms and streptococci isolated from Marrakesh groundwater
The dynamic, hemolytic and hemagglutination activities and the antibiotic resistance of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS), isolated by standard membrane filtration methods from suburban and rural groundwater supplies, were carried out. Detectable non-O1 V. cholerae and P. aeruginosa was present in 81% and 88% of samples. The total occurrence of FC and FS during the period of study was 94%. The annual average densities of non-O1 V.cholerae were 4,903 MPN/100 mL. While, they were 206, 1,891 and 1,246 cfu/100 mL for P. aeruginosa, FC and FS respectively. Non-O1 V. cholerae strains had the highest percentage of hemolytic activities (α + β) (71.29%), whereas 20.71% of FS, 16.88% of FC and 9.13% of P. aeruginosa strains produced hemolysin. Bacterial strains isolated were found to be adhesive, with percentages of 63.09%, 65.09%, 84.06% and 87.98% respectively for non-O1 V. cholerae, FS, FC and P. aeruginosa. As for antibiotic resistance, the overall resistance of non-O1 V.cholerae strains was 79%, whereas it was 100% for the other bacteria. Non-O1 V. cholerae resistance was expressed towards sulfamethoxazole (75%), streptomycin (62%) and cephalothin (60%). Obtained results indicated correlation between bacteriological pollution and their public health implications.
An ecosystem approach was adopted to investigate the interactions among anthropogenic habitat alterations, overcrowding, water insecurity, and enteric diseases in young children in Mexico City. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to define eligible wells and surrounding homesteads. Water quality was obtained from previously published investigations, and bacterial indicators included fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the rainy season 2002. A total of...
The Middle Chattahoochee River Watershed in western Georgia is undergoing rapid urban development. Consequently, Georgia’s water quality is threatened by extensive development as well as other land uses such as grazing. Maintenance of stream water quality, as land development occurs, is critical for the protection of drinking water, biotic integrity, and stream morphology. A two-phase, watershed-scale study was established to develop relationships among land use and water quality within western Georgia. During...
The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 × 101–2.25 × 106, 2.15 × 105, and 3.5 × 104–2.15 × 105 cfu mL–1, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from...
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Field studies have
shown that many organic contaminants degrade naturally by microorganisms present
in soil and groundwater. This naturally occurring bioremediation, known as natural
attenuation, has been accepted as a passive remediation process for contaminated
soil and groundwater. When the natural degradation is insufficient to meet remediation
goals protective of human health and the environment, there may be attempts
to increase the degradation rate by...
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Many investigators have been dealing with mold issues the last few years and may have been overlooking bacteria as the underlying microbial problem. Bacteria typically outnumber fungi in the indoor air and may also account for foul odor problems. Bacterial contamination of HVAC systems has also been linked to hypersensitivity pneumonitis in building occupants.
Bacteria are different than all other life forms on earth because they are singlecelled, prokaryotic organisms. "Prokaryo...
Concentrations of total lead as high as 1,600 g/L were detected in gasoline-contaminated and uncontaminated groundwater at three gasoline-release sites in South Carolina. Total lead concentrations were highest in turbid groundwater samples from gasoline-contaminated and uncontaminated wells, whereas lower turbidity groundwater samples (collected using low-flow methods) had lower total lead concentrations. Dissolved lead concentrations in all wells sampled, however, were less than 15 g total lead/L, the current...
A significant segment of the North American population is unserviced by municipal wastewater systems and, with the seemingly, unending growth of residential communities, commercial complexes, industrial parks and support infrastructure, this situation is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. Traditionally serviced by on-site wastewater treatment units, and often relying on groundwater supply, these communities and developments have severely taxed the environmental resources and attenuation capacity in...
Since the mid-1980s, the Water Corporation of Western Australia (WCWA) has been investigating technologies to prevent an intermittent ‘swampy’ odor occurring in the city of Perth’s treated ground-waters (O’Leary and Herbert, 1998). Groundwater contributes around 50% of the water supply for Perth, which has a population of approximately 1.3 million. The Wanneroo Groundwater Treatment Plant (GWTP) is Perth’s largest, with a flow rate of 59 MGD (225 ML/d), and treats 20% of the city’s water supply. The groundwater...
Within the last decade, implementation of state and federal regulations and other local codes have changed biosolids processing in Florida. Previously, biosolids stabilization varied greatly among the state’s 3,500 to 4,000 wastewater treatment facilities. Public and privately owned wastewater treatment facilities were required to stabilize their biosolids to a minimum Class C standard for land application, with most facilities using aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Requirements for septage solids stabilization,...
Introduction Sustainability or `sustainable development` has become a term which is frequently applied to land use and social planning and resource issues. Sustainability is a concept which draws attention to development practices which can degrade natural ecosystems and deplete natural resources. If development is defined broadly to include any cultural activity, then sustainable development may be defined as any practice that meets the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future...
` Growing volumes of both industrial and municipal wastewater are being discharged to surface waters but the treatment provided frequently is inadequate to protect the desired uses of the receiving waters. With limited resources in terms of both institutional capacity and finance, governments face difficult choices in optimizing their investments in municipal systems and establishing practical requirements for industrial wastewater treatment. This note presents an approach to making coherent decisions on levels...
Abstract
As water and sewer costs are expected to increase over the next decade, membrane technology will continue to be a viable and economical option in the recovery and reuse of water. This paper describes the mechanism of membrane effected separation (specifically reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration), membranes commercially available, membrane element configurations, and how complete membrane systems are designed. The paper also discusses case histories of a variety of proven applications,...
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