Hazardous wastes can originate from many
sources – industrial processes, product
formulations, synthetic operations, virtually any
manufacturing business. The nature and
composition of the “wastes” can vary so much
that one industry’s discharge can serve as
another’s raw materials. It is the tremendous
transfer of these materials – their storage,
transportation, spillage and leakage into the
environment – which has caused great concern.
Regulation of these discharged solid and liquid
materials is a crucial part of the U.S. EPA and
the State-level Departments of Environmental
Protection programs for defining the “degree of
hazard” of a particular material. The basic
methods describe procedures to “leach” any
soluble heavy metals from samples using acid(s)
(to simulate acid rain, for example). While there
is a lot of printed material available from these
Government agencies, the basic protocols for the
collection and preparation of this type of sample
is referenced in the Standard Methods of SW-
846 as part of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA).
Most of
electricity is generated by thermal power plants in Iran. Shahid Rajaee thermal
power plant consists of four 250MW natural gas and fuel oil burning units that
is located at 100 km west off Tehran. As a result of fuel oil burning in winter
time, boilers air heaters are washed and cleaned frequently. The wastewater
originating from air heater washing contains suspended solids and different
dissolved heavy metals particularly V, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb. Wastewater is then
treated in effluent treatment plant by...
Microbial heavy metal retention was studied using seepage water sampled from a former uranium mining site in Eastern Thuringia, Germany. The seepage water has a low pH and contains high concentrations of metals, including uranium, rare earth elements (REE), and other heavy metals. Microbial influence on sorption and/or active uptake of heavy metals was studied using REE patterns. Incubation of seepage water with the bacterium Escherichia coli caused sorption of heavy metals to biomass. Incubation with the fungus...
Computer companies between progress and responsibility
An Environmental-Rating of eleven international computer manufacturers revealed that the Japanese company Fujitsu, with a Rating of B-, is at the forefront of environmental activities in the computer industry at this time. Immediately following the environmental leader are the companies Compaq (USA), NEC (JP), IBM (USA) and Sun Microsystems (USA), all with a C+ Rating. oekom research, the Environmental-Rating agency responsible for the Rating survey, identifie...
ABSTRACT
The inhomogenous lead-in-soil matrix can present serious obstacles to accurate sample collection and handling. In typical lead-in-soil measurement, particle size related errors in sampling and sample handling often exceed all other sources of error. The magnitude of error can vary widely depending on the particulate nature of the lead contaminant and the effectiveness of control measures. Large particle contaminants, such as lead bearing paint chips, pose a much greater challenge to accurate sample...
Today`s final rule adds hazardous waste lamps to the federal list of universal wastes regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Handlers of universal wastes are subject to less stringent standards for storing, transporting, and collecting these wastes. The Agency has concluded that regulating spent hazardous waste lamps as a universal waste under 40 CFR Part 273 will lead to better management of these lamps and will facilitate compliance with hazardous waste requirements. Today`s final...
Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
The Whole Earth Festival at the University of California-Davis is a student-organized event that takes place annually in early May. The weekend attendance is approximately 30,000 people, with 16 food vendors and 100-plus craft booths. One major emphasis of the festival is environmental sustainability.
To minimize waste generation, an integrated solid waste prevention strategy was conceptualized and implemented. The components were to: Exclude all materials from the system that were not easily biodegradable,...
Imagine being in charge of a chemical company. One day a fire breaks out, and an employee, designated as a first responder, is killed fighting the blaze. Then OSHA investigators discover that the man died primarily because both his training and his equipment were inadequate. This scenario is why CPL 2-2.59A should put anyone who runs a HAZMAT facility into a state of introspection. These employers need to ask themselves: `When was the last time that our Emergency Response Plan was brought up to date? Do our...
INTRODUCTION
The rapid industrial development of the Philippines and the implementation of the Toxic Substance and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act (1992) is causing an urgent need for hazardous waste treatment facilities. Estimates of hazardous waste volumes in metropolitan Manila are rising from 232,000 tons/year in 1995 to 659,000 tons/year in the year 2010. Mr. Walter Vergara of the World Bank at the 5th International Symposium on Operating European Hazardous Waste Management Facilities stated, the...
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is making available to the public a study containing information relating to its Proposed Rule addressing the management of mercury-containing lamps under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste management system published in the Federal Register on July 27, 1994, 59 FR 39288. The study consists of an electronic model and report that provides an assessment of mercury emissions from the management of mercury-containing lamps under different...
If you live in a house, apartment or similar abode, you produce waste. Right? You probably can`t go a week without producing waste. All kinds of waste. Call it trash if you want. It`s still waste. And if you don`t live where recycling is mandatory or there is no outlet for your voluntary environmental tendencies, everything goes into the trash - bottles, cans, cardboard, plastics, bottle caps, paint cans, light bulbs, fluorescent lamps, camera and flashlight batteries, pesticide bottles, pressurized spray cans,...
Often, specific technologies may be ruled out, or the list of potential technologies may be immediately narrowed, on the basis of the presence or absence of one or more of the chemical groups. The relative amounts of each may tend to favor certain technologies. Metals may be found in the elemental form, but more often they are found as salts mixed in the soil. At the present time, treatment options for radioactive materials are limited to volume reduction/concentration and immobilization. Asbestos fibers require...
This document provides an overview of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) solid and hazardous waste regulations. It describes the history of RCRA, the role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the states, and hazardous waste definitions and management requirements, including the roles of generators, transporters, and treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. In addition, it presents information on hazardous waste minimization. It covers municipal and industrial solid waste as well,...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
A treatment train is the combination of different treatment technologies. A system diagram of a common treatment train for inorganics is illustrated below. Metal contaminated soil is treated using the combination of electrokinetics and phytoremediation. Electrokinetics is used to remove metals from deep soil and ground water. A low density direct current is applied to mobilize charged species, causing ions and water to move toward the electrodes. Metal ions move toward the cathode, and anions move toward anode....
Unlike organic contaminants (and similar to metals), radionuclides cannot be destroyed or degraded; therefore, remediation technologies applicable to radionuclides involve separation, concentration/volume reduction, and/or immobilization. The most commonly used treatment technology for radionuclides in soil, sediment, and sludge is solidification/stabilization (S/S). This treatment technology is described briefly below.
Solidification processes produce monolithic blocks of waste with high structural integrity....
It may be necessary to know other subsurface information to remediate nonhalogenated semivolatile organics in water. Treatability studies may be required to determine the contaminant biodegradability for any biodegradation technologies. Treatability studies are also necessary to ensure that the contaminated ground water can be treated effectively at the design flow. A subsurface geologic characterization would be particularly useful to any isolation or stabilization technologies. Ground water models are also...
This is a final report of the study on spent solvents under taken as a result of a consent decree between the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study discusses the wastes associated with the use of the materials as solvents, the toxicity of the wastes, and the management practices for the wastes. The chemicals included in this study are diethylamine, aniline, ethylene oxide, allyl chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and bromoform. In addition, this...
What are innovative treatment technologies? Treatment technologies are chemical, biological, or physical processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials to permanently change their condition. This Citizen’s Guide focuses on treatment technologies for soil, sludge, sediment, and debris.
Treatment technologies destroy contaminants or change them so that they are no longer hazardous or, at least, are less hazardous. They may reduce the amount of contaminated material at a site, remove the component...
Practical guidelines for building owners
Overview
Friable asbestos-containing materials are present in many public and commercial buildings, schools and factories built before the mid-70`s. Regulations in Ontario and some other provinces require building owners and property managers to put in place asbestos control programs, once they are aware of the presence of friable asbestos-containing materials in their buildings.
In developing an asbestos control program, one or more of the following tasks should be...
ABSTRACT
Field portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) continues to gain acceptance as a complement to traditional laboratory testing of metal contaminated soil. The quality of data produced by field XRF varies with site conditions, soil composition, and sample preparation. Quality assurance protocols for the field method usually require that a number of field samples be split and sent to a laboratory for confirmatory analysis. This confirmatory analysis can provide valuable information of the effectiveness of the...
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