Web‐ICE (Web‐based Interspecies Correlation Estimation) is an application developed to predict the acute toxicity of a chemical from one species to another taxon. ICE models use the acute toxicity value for a surrogate species to predict effect values for other species, thus potentially filling in data gaps for a variety of environmental assessment purposes. Web‐ICE has historically been dominated by aquatic and terrestrial animal prediction models. ICE models for algal species were essentially absent and are addressed in this research. A compilation of public and private sector‐held algal toxicity data were compiled and reviewed for quality based on relevant aspects of individual studies. Interspecies correlations were constructed from the most commonly tested algal genera for a broad spectrum of chemicals. ICE regressions were developed based on acute 72 and 96 hour endpoint values involving 1647 unique studies on 476 unique chemicals encompassing 40 genera and 70 species of green, blue‐green algae and diatom algae. Acceptance criteria for algal‐ICE models were established prior to evaluation of individual models and included a minimum sample size of 3, statistically significant regression slope, and a slope estimation parameter ≥0.65. A total of 186 ICE models were possible at the genus level with 21 meeting quality criteria and 264 ICE models were developed at the species level with 32 meeting quality criteria. Algal‐ICE models will have broad utility in screening environmental hazard assessments, data gap filling in certain regulatory scenarios and as supplemental information to derive species sensitivity distributions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Typhoons and storms have often brought heavy rainfalls and induced floods that have frequently caused severe damage and loss of life in Taiwan. Our ability to predict sewer discharge and forecast floods in advance during storm seasons plays an important role in flood warning and flood hazard mitigation. In this paper, we develop an integrated model (TFMBPN) for forecasting sewer discharge that combines two traditional models: a transfer function model and a back propagation neural network. We evaluated the...
Regulations require facilities to use computer simulations to model potential fire and explosion hazards
from accidental liquefied natural gas (LNG) releases. This has required the run of several separate computer models and manual transfer of data among the models, which is a time-consuming process prone to errors.
The Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR 193) defines safety standards for LNG facilities covered by federal pipeline safety laws. It addresses protection in the vicinity of LNG storage and transfer...
Through the acquisition of scientific data, knowledge is gained about the environmental fate and human exposure of chemical substances. From this knowledge, the risk of using chemicals can be assessed. As a means of facilitating the regulatory process, risk assessments can also compare the substance under investigation to other substances that display similar behaviour or structure, especially when the risk assessment involves a substance for which few data exist. For instance, similarities can be drawn between a...
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As the annual onslaught
of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) blooms continues to plague fresh water lakes
and reservoirs, the use of copper sulfate to control the problem has become dubious.
After 50 years of pouring innumerable tons of copper into lakes and reservoirs,
the use of this algaecide has increased resistance and resulted in consequential
problems that require more expensive treatment and threaten marine habitats throughout
the world.Although
naturally present in...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
Overview
Environmental policy is in transition. Many observers believe that the existing regulatory system, though it has accomplished great improvements in environmental quality, is approaching the limits of its effective ness. Government regulators and policy analysts are seeking better ways to address the many issues, like non-point source pollution, that remain largely unregulated. Most corporations are seeking more cost-effective ways to meet regulatory requirements, and some leading corporations are...
The Clean Air Act requires refineries to develop and implement a Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) program to control fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions occur from valves, pumps, compressors, pressure relief valves, flanges, connectors and other piping components. Comparison monitoring conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA) National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) shows that the number of leaking valves and components is up to 10 times greater than had been reported by certain...
Introduction
The EPA`s Office of Compliance has developed a series of profiles or notebooks containing information on selected major industries. These notebooks, which focus on key indicators that holistically present air, water, and land pollutant release data, have been thoroughly reviewed by experts from both inside and outside the EPA.
What will you find in this Notebook?
The Notebook brings you comprehensive, well-researched details gathered for the first time in a single source and includes:
a...
Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 requires establishing regulations to prevent the accidental release and to minimize the consequence of any such release of chemicals listed under 40 CFR Part 68. There is a need for a systematic approach for applying mathematical models to estimate the impact from the large number of potential release scenarios associated with these chemicals. An expert system has been developed for industrial facilities that handle these chemicals. This integrated expert...
ABSTRACT
This technology status report provides a snapshot of the status of the in situ flushing remediation technology. The information provided herein is a reflection of the content of the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center’s (GWRTAC’s) case study database for innovative technologies. GWRTAC’s case study database is not represented as being comprehensive, nor are the case studies included screened to verify their validity, quality, or “success” in remediation. Rather the case study database...
Introduction
The utilization of fungal biodegradation involves the controlled usage of these specially cultivated fungi to treat contaminants.
White Rot Fungus
White rot fungus has been reported to degrade a wide variety of organopollutants because of its lignin-degrading or wood-rotting enzymes. Two different treatment configurations have been tested for white rot fungus, in situ and bioreactor. An aerobic system using moisturized air on wood chips is used in a reactor for biodegradation. A reactor was used...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
On 12th March 1997, the European Commission adopted a proposal from the Environment Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard on a European Union strategy to combat acidification. The strategy will, by 2010, reduce significantly the extent of the areas in the European Union where the tolerance of sensitive ecosystems to acidity is exceeded. Main elements of the strategy include establishment of national emission ceilings for each acid rain pollutant; ratification of the UN protocol on further reductions of sulphur emissions;...
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) section 112 (r) Prevention of Accidental Releases requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish measures for owners and operators of facilities processing or handling hazardous materials to prevent accidental releases of regulated substances and other extremely hazardous materials to the air. Additionally, it requires the consequences of releases to be minimized by focusing preventative measures on those chemicals that pose the greatest...
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Objectives of the Review Checklist
This Review Checklist has been developed as a method for reviewing environmental information submitted by developers, to the competent authorities, as part of an EIA procedure. Its purpose is to assist reviewers in evaluating the completeness and suitability of this information from a technical and decision making viewpoint. In particular it will assist reviewers in deciding whether all relevant information is available to fulfil two main functions:...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report presents guidelines for evaluating uncertainty in mathematical equations and computer models applied to assess human health and environmental risk. Uncertainty analyses involve the propagation of uncertainty in model parameters and model structure to obtain confidence statements for the estimate of risk and identify the model components of dominant importance. Uncertainty analyses are required when there is no a priori knowledge about uncertainty in the risk estimate and when there is...
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