In this paper we report the findings of a European survey of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking waters in selected regions that were part of epidemiology studies. The levels of DBPs found reflected the diverse regions from which the samples were collected, the different treatment/disinfection processes and the different source waters. In addition to a wide range of concentrations of DBPs (e.g. median trihalomethanes (THMs) of 8–85 μg L–1), bromine incorporation was quite diverse (e.g. some waters were highly dominated by bromine-containing DBPs, whereas others only had chlorine-containing species). Bromine incorporation was highest in the haloacetonitriles (HANs) and was lowest in the trihalogenated haloacetic acids (THAAs). In addition, the ratios of THMs to HAAs, THMs to HANs, and THAAs to dihalogenated HAAs varied. Exposure assessment based on THMs alone was not sufficient for indicating the presence of emerging DBPs of health concern. Occurrence studies must include a more diverse group of analytes to better understand exposure to DBPs of health concern.
Chlorpyrifos (CP) was used as a model compound to develop experimental methods and prototype modeling tools to forecast the fate of organophosphate (OP) pesticides under drinking water treatment conditions. CP was found to rapidly oxidize to chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) in the presence of free chlorine. The primary oxidant is hypochlorous acid (HOCl); thus, oxidation is more rapid at lower pH (i.e., below the pKa of HOCl at 7.5). At elevated pH, both CP and CPO are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis and degrade to...
Up to now, the recovery of precious metals used as catalysts in chemical processes has involved the use of incineration. Now, however, a British-Swedish joint venture has developed a process which uses supercritical water oxidation instead, which provides many economic and environmental advantages.
Precious metals are used extensively in catalysts in a wide range of industrial chemical processes. Sometimes they are used in a homogeneous form, but more often fixed to a solid support for ease of handling. In many...
The 5 MGD Olga WTP in Lee County, Ft Myers, treats water from the Caloosahatchee River where TOC and color levels range from 15-25mg/L and 80-350 Pt Co Units respectively. This surface water presents many treatment challenges and treatment costs are high with alum doses in excess of 200mg/L required during times of the year to provide an adequate treated water quality.
As part of Lee County’s treatment plant reservoir and plant improvements for the Olga Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Parsons has been contracted to...
Abstract
A global framework for environmental performance indicators (EPIs) is being developed by organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development. These developments are setting the stage for a standardized metrics system and should provide information that will lead to improved decision-making for environmental sustainability. Using powerful new data warehousing technology and the Internet, businesses will be able to integrate...
1.1 Scope and Objectives
A small number of viable options are presently available for the bleaching of wood pulp (delignification and brightening) during the manufacture of pulp and paper. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the bleaching process has largely superceded the earlier use of Cl2, or elemental chlorine, in the majority of North American pulp mills: It was discovered over a decade ago that the previous widespread use of Cl2 contributed to the production and subsequent release to the environment of...
Due to the complexity of chlorine chemistry, the activity and forms of chlorine is not well understood. Its reactions are not always `predictable` and are somewhat unique. This memo is intended to provide some simple insight of the most common forms of chlorine that we at Osmonics® encounter.
The most basic form of chlorine is Chlorine Gas (Cl2). This is usually the cheapest form of chlorination, yet somewhat complicated. Therefore, it is usually used only in large installations (municipal water supplies, etc.)....
A wave of privatization is rolling through the water industry – at the environment‘s expense? In order to provide an answer to this question, the Environmental-Rating agency oekom research AG, Munich, put a number of water supply companies and manufacturers of water appliances to the environmental test. In results published today, oekom identifies the British water supplier Severn Trent as the environmental leader of the water supply group with a B grade in the overall Environmental-Rating. The Austrian water...
Imagine being in charge of a chemical company. One day a fire breaks out, and an employee, designated as a first responder, is killed fighting the blaze. Then OSHA investigators discover that the man died primarily because both his training and his equipment were inadequate. This scenario is why CPL 2-2.59A should put anyone who runs a HAZMAT facility into a state of introspection. These employers need to ask themselves: `When was the last time that our Emergency Response Plan was brought up to date? Do our...
Introduction
There is considerable public, scientific and regulatory concern over the possible adverse health effects of chronic exposure to trace levels of persistent organic pollutants. The class of compounds made up of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), often collectively known as dioxins, has received widespread attention and attracted a great deal of research, following the accidental release of the most toxic of these (2,3,7,8 TCDD) at Seveso in 1976.
Diox...
Many of the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) methods used to monitor air, water and soil for environmental contaminants prescribe step-by-step details on how the chemical analysis must be conducted and prohibit any deviations or variations. The EPA has recognized that monitoring equipment and technology have improved tremendously over the last few years; that environmental media do not always act the same way for each analysis; and that the matrix may affect the analysis and results. The EPA has been...
Abstract
In Europe the increase in ultra-violet radiation (UV) is estimated to be larger over the western parts because of large depletion in the total ozone column. UV global trends are estimated to increase by 3-4% per decade in northern hemisphere midlatitudes and 3-9% in southern hemisphere midlatitudes. The ozone layer can start recovering, but full recovery will take another 50 years if emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODS) were zero in 1999, the earliest recovery year physically possible would be...
Background
During the first half of the 1970s, the nation enacted strong statutes to protect air and water, regulate waste, ensure the safety of drinking water, and protect endangered species. Several years later, the Superfund statute was enacted to speed the cleanup of hazardous waste sites. In each case, a federal program was developed to address immediate and widespread threats to the nation’s natural resources. The nature of pollution problems in that era seemed to justify the passage of strong, command-and-c...
The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBP) during drinking water production has long been of concern toauthorities and consumers alike. Although most disinfectants form unwanted DBPs there is particular concern withchlorine disinfection as a variety of chlorinated compounds are formed with possible adverse health effects, includingtrihalomethanes (THMs). Strategies for controlling THM formation include the use of alternative disinfectants andremoval of DBPs after formation but the most effective solution is...
An important consideration when evaluating a remedy is whether the compound is nonhalogenated or halogenated. A nonhalogenated compound is one which does not have a halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it.
The vendor of the technology being evaluated must be informed whether the compounds to be treated are nonhalogenated or halogenated. In most instances, the vendor needs to know the specific compounds involved so that modifications to technology designs can be made, where appropriate...
Case Study
Name of company: Neumarkter LammsbräuSector: BreweryNumber of employees: 80Country: Germany
AbstractNeumarkter Lammsbräu is an 80-employee brewery located in Bavaria, a German region which has a strong tradition for beer. At the beginning of the 1970s, agriculture in the region became increasingly intensive. The quality of beer was being sacrificed for quick and high returns on sales. Neumarkter Lammsbräu wanted to safeguard the quality of its products and develop a strategy for success. The company...
` Comparative risk assessment provides a systematic way to compare environmental problems that pose different types and degrees of health risk. It combines information on the inherent hazards of pollutants, exposure levels and population characteristics to predict the resulting health effects. Using data from available sources, rapid, inexpensive comparative risk assessments can identify the most significant health problems. Together with consideration of costs, technical feasibility and other factors, the...
Introduction
Any new technology must overcome perceptions of the marketplace, which are not accurate. As a technology moves into new areas of application, new misconceptions also arise. Crossflow membrane technology is no exception.
The first man-made, pressure-driven `crossflow` membranes were made in flat sheet form. This membrane had to be configured in a device, and was first made in tile obvious `plate-and-frame` design. The spiral-wound design resulted as a response to the high cost, large size, and...
The proliferation of bottled beverages worldwide and an increased awareness of consumer health issues have beverage bottlers rethinking how to keep their liquids safe for consumption. One problem they face is the need to deliver a product that is free of bacteria, to provide extended shelf life and product quality.
Ozone has quickly become the disinfectant of choice among water bottlers worldwide. Although ozone was `discovered` in the mid-19th century, it is only during the last several decades that its...
Air sparging involves injecting a gas (usually air/oxygen) under pressure into the saturated zone to volatilize groundwater contaminants and to promote biodegradation in saturated and unsaturated soils by increasing subsurface oxygen concentrations. Vola tilized vapors migrate into the vadose zone where they are extracted via vacuum, generally by a soil vapor extraction system. The term biosparging is sometimes used interchangeably with air sparging to highlight the bioremediation aspect of the treatment process...
Introduction
The Clifton Water District (Colorado) covers roughly 20 square miles stretching east of Grand Junction to Palisade, and extending south from I-70 to the Colorado River. The District has approximately 7,400 service connections serving a population of 30,000. Utilizing the Colorado River as its primary source, the District`s Charles A. Strain Water Treatment Plant has a capacity of 12 million gallons per day (mgd). Conventional water treatment processes are employed including presedimentation, coagulati...
Introduction
The notion that salt could be removed from seawater without a phase change took hold of Dr. Sourirajan`s imagination in the late 1950`s. The actual invention of the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane took place in his laboratory at UCLA around 1960. (Thus Sourirajan could be called not only the `Father of Reverse Osmosis,` but the initiator of all crossflow membrane technology.) The full commercialization of RO and its sister crossflow technology, ultrafiltration (UF), occurred in the early 1970`s. About...
The following article is based on a paper presented in August, 1990 at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society in San Diego.
Soft drink manufacturers, not to mention manufacturers of other beverage products, have always had a keen interest in the water that goes into their products. After all, it is the water that typically makes up 80%-90% of the product.
In the past the water has been treated by a variety of methods, depending on the type of water supply and the type of drink being produced. Or,...
Customer comments
No comments were found for Disinfection by-product occurrence in selected European waters. Be the first to comment!
