Water distribution systems in hilly areas are always divided into several zones due to the undulating terrain. The present approach of dividing water distribution systems lacks an assessment index and is characterized by a low degree of automation. With the building of a mathematical model, this paper introduces two indicators – pressure limitation and pressure variation – to enable the automatic division of the water supply pipe network. It prioritizes economic index as the objective function in the evaluation of the division of water distribution systems in hilly areas, and then selects the optimal division scheme by generic algorithm in a large number of candidates. The SY terrain in YW City China is used for verification. Compared to traditional water supply partition methods, this procedure is easier to operate time-savingly by staff and is more automatic.
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“Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.”–The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Many topics of conversation among oil and gas industry professionals are predictable – oil price trends, the “great shift change” imperiling the available workforce, and production quotas and caps from OPEC. Yet one pressing topic among those developing unconventional shale reservoirs would likely be eye-opening to an outsider—the pressures of sourcing and disposing...
DescriptionReleases of petroleum contaminants from a retail gasoline station in a medium-sized California Central Valley town threatened a municipal supply well immediately adjacent and approximately 200 ft downgradient to the station. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was present in groundwater concentrations up to 30,000 micrograms per liter (µg/L) and GRO up to 33,000 µg/L in the first-encountered groundwater aquifer, between 30 to 45 feet below ground surface (BGS). The concern was that the MTBE...
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An undocumented surface spill at an active manufacturing facility located adjacent to a public water supply well field released chlorinated volatile organic compounds (PCE, and its breakdown products: TCE, c-DCE, and VC) into soils and groundwater. The driver for site cleanup was three water supply wells located 200 feet downgradient of the site bounds. The chosen endpoint remediation technology was ozone sparging employing the KTI C-Sparge™ process to reach the target cleanup criteria of EPA...
In long distance water supply projects, the air vessel is an effective and reliable protection measure to control water hammer. Although it can effectively eliminate water hammer during the process of hydraulic transient, the volume of the traditional air vessel is large due to the long distance pipeline, resulting in high investment. In this paper, based on the analysis of the transient in long distance water supply pipelines, a protection method, combining the air vessel with the downstream valve, is proposed...
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