Granular filtration remains a key barrier for Cryptosporidium removal in water treatment plants without UV irradiation. To assess the impact of clay particles in source water on Cryptosporidium removal efficiency by granular filtration, this study investigated the co-transport of Cryptosporidium-sized microspheres and kaolinite particles in sand columns. To investigate the influence of clay load on microsphere transport and deposition, varying influent kaolinite concentrations (0–106particles/mL) and microsphere concentrations (102–106microspheres/mL) were tested. The spatial distribution of retained microspheres was examined subsequent to experiments via filter coring. Results demonstrate that increasing the influent microsphere concentration impaired filter performance due to a blocking mechanism whereby previously retained particles repel incoming particles. In contrast, when the particulate load was dominated by kaolinite (for an equivalent particulate load), filter performance improved as a result of filter ripening whereby previously deposited particles act as additional collectors. Thus, microsphere-kaolinite interactions proved to be favorable although both particles possessed negative zeta potentials in the tested conditions. This study demonstrates that granular filter performance is vulnerable to peak events of microbial contamination. Conversely, Cryptosporidium-sized microsphere removal by granular filtration is enhanced in the presence of kaolinite in source water.
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Our client produces and sells a variety of beef products, including fresh, frozen, canned, both vacuum packed or packaged in a protective atmosphere. They also offer a completerange of cuts and processed hamburgers, ready pre-cooked meals, veal cutlets, grilled and roasted products. The company is the market leader in the frozen hamburger sector, with an annual production capacity of 40,000 tonnes. They supply major international fast food chains and a number of market leading catering and retail...
The Kötz wastewater treatment plant, located a few kilometres south of Günzburg, was designed for a population equivalent of 45,000. About 20,000 inhabitants are connected at present. Due to the additional discharge of industrial wastewater, the average daily load corresponds to a population equivalent of about 35,000. The wastewater treatment plant works according to the mechanical-biological principle. In the two stage nitrification process, the wastewater, which is mechanically precleaned by a sand...
Since its founding in 1987, contractors have applied over 100 million square feet of Master Wall Inc. products — stucco, coatings, and exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) — on residential, commercial and industrial buildings.Master Wall founder and president Steve Smithwick says the company`s Aggre-flex EIFS system is "one of the most common commercial cladding in the country." Also termed "synthetic stucco," it consists of a water barrier, adhesive, insulation, mesh, base coat and Master...
Dust collection booths are important tools that have an important function in the conservation of your workplace. This article gives you a brief description of what dust collection booths are and how they can help you maintain the sanitation of your workplace.
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