acute toxicity Articles
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Oxidation of nonylphenol ethoxylates in aqueous solution by UV-C photolysis, H2O2/UV-C, Fenton and photo-Fenton processes: are these processes toxicologically safe?
UV-C, H2O2/UV-C, Fenton and photo-Fenton treatment of a nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NP-10) were comparatively studied, primarily focusing on the acute toxicity of degradation products. Formic, acetic and oxalic acids were all identified as the degradation products of NP-10; however, the sole common carboxylic acid was found to be formic acid for the studied treatment processes. The percent ...
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Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains of Hyalella azteca
The strain of Hyalella azteca (Saussure: Amphipoda) commonly used for aquatic toxicity testing in the US has been shown to perform poorly in some standardized reconstituted waters frequently used for other test species. In 10‐ and 42‐day experiments, we show that growth and reproduction of the US Lab strain of H. azteca varies strongly with chloride concentration in the test water, with ...
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Toxicity and Microcystin Content of Extracts from a Planktothrix Bloom and Two Laboratory Strains
Abstract : Toxic effects and microcystin content from various extracts of aPlanktothrix agardhiibloom and two different strains ofPlanktothrix agardhii, HUB 076, and NIVA 34 were investigated. Extracts were obtained with solvents of different polarity such as hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, and water. Additionally, different pre-treatments were used to break the cells before extraction. Acute ...
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A comparative study of perchlorate degradation in acute toxicity and chronic toxicity
Since the discovery of perchlorate in water system, the public has been concerned about its human health effect. In practice it was reported that chronic exposure to perchlorate may lead to damage in thyroid hormone activity. This study introduced a method of perchlorate reduction, using autotrophic bacteria which utilise hydrogen as an electron donor. Two experiments were conducted to compare ...
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Bisphenol A in the Surface Water and Freshwater Snail Collected from Rivers Around a Secure Landfill
Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol; CAS Registry No. 80-05-7) is widely used as a material for the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonates (Steinmetz et al., 1997) and has an acute toxicity to aquatic organisms in the range of 1 to 10 mg/L for freshwater and marine species (Alexander at al., 1988). The solubility of BPA in water ranged from 120 to 300 ng/ml (Staples et al., ...
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Acute toxicity of three antifungal chemicals on silverside Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes 1835) eggs
The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and formalin (F) on some toxicological parameters and the hatching rate of Odontesthes bonariensis eggs were examined under laboratory conditions, and the determined values were compared with those obtained for Malachite Green (MG), which was used as a reference toxic. The 96 hours nominal LC-50 were 1.51 mg L-1, 652.14 μl L-1 and 34.82 g L-1 for MG, F and ...
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The role of silver and vanadium release in the toxicity of silver vanadate nanowires toward Daphnia similis
Nanomaterials are used in a wide spectrum of applications, including nanowires that are objects with at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Recently, a new type of silver vanadate nanowire decorated with silver nanoparticles (SVSN‐LQES1) with promising antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria was described. The objective of the present study was to ...
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The acute toxicity of chemically and physically dispersed crude oil to key arctic species under arctic conditions during the open water season
The acute toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil and the dispersant Corexit 9500 were evaluated for key Arctic species. The copepod Calanus glacialis, juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and larval sculpin (Myoxocephalus sp.) were tested under conditions representative of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas during the ice‐free season. Toxicity of three water accommodated ...
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Saving two birds with one stone — using active substance avian acute toxicity data to predict formulated plant protection product toxicity
Environmental safety assessments for exposure of birds require the provision of acute avian toxicity data on both the pesticidal active substance and formulated products. As an example, in Europe testing on the formulated product is waived using an assessment of data for the constituent active substance(s). Globally this is often not the case as some countries require acute toxicity tests with ...
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The acute toxicity of major ion salts to Ceriodaphnia dubia: I. Influence of background water chemistry
The ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl‐, SO42‐, and HCO3‐/CO32‐ (referred to here as “major ions”) are present in all fresh waters and are physiologically required by aquatic organisms, but can increase to harmful levels from a variety of anthropogenic activities. It is also known that the toxicities of major ion salts can vary depending on the concentrations of other ions, and understanding these ...
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A new approach based on polynomial functions for measuring the acute toxicity of environmental samples
In this paper, a new mathematical approach for the estimation of acute toxicity in environmental samples is proposed. The concentration of pollutant or the amount of sample producing the inhibition of 50% of the living organisms used for the test (EC50) is determined by means of Polynomial Functions (PF) applied to the experimental x (concentration of pollutant) and y (concentration or number of ...
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Assessment of Acute Toxicity to Treatment Plants
Assessment of Acute Toxicity to Treatment Plants Situations often occur where rapid assessment of potential toxicity to a treatment process is needed, for example, when hauled wastes are discharged to treatment plants. In these cases, the test wastewater is added in various ratios to a mixed liquor suspension along with an organic substrate that is known to degrade well by the test culture. ...
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A Comparison Of Standard Acute Toxicity Tests With Rapid-Screening Toxicity Tests
Abstract: This study compared the relative sensitivity of five inexpensive, rapid toxicity tests to the sensitivity of five standard aquatic acute toxicity tests through literature review and testing. The rapid toxicity tests utilized organisms that require little culturing or handling prior to testing : a freshwater rotifer (Brachnionus calyciflorus); brine shrimp (Artemia salina); lettuce ...
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Extrapolation of acute toxicity across bee species
In applying cross‐species extrapolation safety factors from honeybees to other bee species, some basic principles of toxicity have not been included, e.g. the importance of body mass in determining a toxic dose. This study re‐analysed published toxicity data taking into account the reported mass of the individuals in the identified species. The analysis demonstrated a shift to the left in the ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - VI. The Potential of Ecotoxicological Tests for the Predicton of Acute Toxicity in Man as Evaluated on the First 10 Chemicals of the MEIC Programme
Abstract : In the framework of the multicentre evaluation ofin vitrocytotoxicology (MEIC) programme, the first ten chemicals of the prescribed list were tested for acute toxicity in four standardised cyst-based aquatic invertebrate tests, consisting of two rotifer species (the estuarineBrachionus plicatilisand the freshwaterBrachionus calyciflorus) and two crustacean species (the halophilic ...
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Development of a fluoride chronic effects benchmark for aquatic life in freshwater
Canada has an interim water quality guideline (WQG) for fluoride for protection of freshwater aquatic life that dates from 2002; one Canadian province has a different interim WQG for fluoride that dates to 1995. The US does not have a national benchmark for fluoride in freshwater, only one us state has such a benchmark. There are no other national or regional benchmarks for fluoride chronic ...
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Predicted mixture toxic pressure relates to observed fraction of benthic macrofauna species impacted by contaminant mixtures
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) quantify fractions of species potentially affected in contaminated environmental compartments using test species sensitivity data. The present study quantitatively describes associations between predicted and observed ecological impacts of contaminant mixtures, based on monitoring data of benthic macroinvertebrates. Local mixture toxic pressures ...
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Development of a strontium chronic effects benchmark for aquatic life in freshwater
There are no national water quality guidelines (WQGS) for strontium for protection of freshwater aquatic life in north America or elsewhere. Available data on the acute and chronic toxicity of strontium to freshwater aquatic life were compiled and reviewed. Acute toxicity was reported to occur at concentrations ranging from 75 to 15,000 mg/l. The majority of chronic effects occurred at ...
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QSAR Models for Predicting the Acute Toxicity of Selected Organic Chemicals with Diverse Structures to Aquatic Non-Vertebrates and Humans
Abstract : The linear and non-linear relationships of acute toxicity (as determined on five aquatic non-vertebrates and humans) to molecular structure have been investigated on 38 structurally-diverse chemicals. The compounds selected are the organic chemicals from the 50 priority chemicals prescribed by the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme. The models used for the ...
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