air traffic emissions Articles
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Dispersion modelling of traffic particulate matter in city–scale area
This paper introduces utilisation of the CFD technique for modelling of PM10 (particulate matter 10 µm) dispersion in urban areas, with focus on detailed description of processes in the ground surface boundary layer. The description of deposition and re–suspension processes is introduced and applied on the city–scale model of the city of Brno (pop. 400,000). The air threshold velocity of ...
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Application of The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) to the urban airshed of Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok has been faced with air pollution problems as a result of increasing traffic emissions. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was employed to simulate carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations based on an emissions inventory data. The hourly CO concentrations from a year-long simulation have been evaluated against observations from six monitoring sites. The simulated concentrations were evaluated ...
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Study of regional dilution and transformation processes of the air pollution from road transport
The objective of this work is to study in detail the dilution processes of the plumes and the chemical transformations of pollutants generated by road transport. The numerical simulations are carried out using the MODELS-3 nesting abilities, downscaling to a horizontal resolution of 10 km, the innermost domain including a region with very intensive road transport – the city of London and its ...
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Effects of trees on the dilution of vehicle exhaust emissions in urban street canyons
In order to investigate the natural ventilation and air quality of urban street canyons with trees, boundary layer wind tunnel studies at a small-scale model have been performed. Concentrations in street canyons with a tracer gas emitting line source at the ground level and one row of trees arranged along the canyon centre have been measured for several equidistant tree spacings. In the case of ...
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WORM: A new open road line source model for low wind speed conditions
Emission from road traffic constitutes one of the most important sources of air pollution in urban areas. This paper describes a newly developed air pollution dispersion model for open roads and highways called WORM (Weak Wind Open Road Model), and give some results using this model at Nordbysletta, Norway, in the period 1 January 200215 April 2002. Generally, a good correspondence was found ...
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Evaluation of new model tools for meeting the targets of the EU Air Quality Directive: a case study on the studded tyre use in Sweden
Two new model tools have been developed for meeting the EU Air Quality Directive targets: SIMAIRroad (related to traffic emissions) and SIMAIRrwc (rwc standing for residential wood combustion). The models have been evaluated for different traffic situations and for residential areas with wood combustion, with promising results. The models can calculate PM10 statistics, such as mean values and 90 ...
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Assessment of air pollution in the conurbation of Munich: present and future
Traffic emissions have a severe impact to the environment with all its socio-economic consequences in urban conglomerations. Traffic emissions will still increase in the future, whereas other categories of emissions will decrease within the next years. Numerical simulations are a useful tool to assess the effect of different emissions on the regional air quality of primary and secondary ...
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Temporal variations of BTX compounds in Bursa/Turkey atmosphere
Ambient concentrations of C2–C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at Bursa, which is the fourth largest city of Turkey. Two measurement campaigns were carried out between September 14 to November 6, 2005 and March 17 to May 10, 2006. Fifty one VOCs were regularly determined in each chromatogram. However, only BTX compounds are discussed in this study. Concentrations of BTX ...
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Particle re-suspension in street canyon with two-way traffic
The paper focuses on determination of the wind threshold velocity of re-suspension (at the height of 10 m) and the near-ground air threshold velocity of re-suspension (at the height of 0.25 m) for particles of size 10 µm in a particular urban street canyon with two-way traffic. The wind threshold velocity of re-suspension is derived from a long-term measurement carried out in the city of Brno. A ...
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An approach for road air emissions calculation: Portuguese case-study
A methodology to estimate road transportation emissions was developed with the main objective of improving emission estimates for those pollutants that are most dependent on the vehicle class and abatement technology. Emissions were estimated with a detailed level of disaggregation allowing the evaluation of measures aiming key source groups rather than road traffic in general. Those measures ...
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Comparing the impact of a road tunnel vs. a road viaduct by means of an integrated exposure assessment
Using the MOBILEE methodology, we performed a detailed air quality assessment for three scenarios for the ring road around Antwerp, a major city in Belgium, using PM10 and NOx emission inventories for 2003 (reference) and 2015 (projected future situation), followed by an assessment of the exposure of the population living in the vicinity of the planned constructions. PM10 turned out to be the ...
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Assessing the impact of particulate matter sources in the Milan urban area
The Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model of the US-EPA was applied to PM10 data obtained during a field study performed in the Milan urban area, including daily average concentrations, element and ion concentrations. Two chemical fingerprints were estimated to characterise total traffic emissions and diesel engine exhaust emissions. Four main source groups were identified: road traffic, ...
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Numerical study for the flow around moving cars and its effect on the dispersion of the traffic emitted pollution within a road tunnel
This paper presents results from a numerical study which was conducted in order to investigate the effect of the flow around moving vehicles on the dispersion and the concentration of traffic emitted pollution within the Traforo Umberto road tunnel in the city centre of Rome. A series of three dimensional numerical transient simulations were performed using the commercial CFD code Ansys CFX 5.7.1 ...
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The challenge of improving urban air quality: effects of hybrid cars, introduction in Barcelona and Madrid (Spain)
WRF–ARW/HERMES/CMAQ modelling system is applied with high resolution (1 km², 1 h) to assess changes in Madrid and Barcelona (Spain) air quality due to hybrid cars introduction. The substitution of the oldest cars by hybrids is effective to reduce NO2 and PM2.5 levels in the conurbations (up to 35%/12% in Madrid downtown, when 30% of cars are changed). In VOC–limited areas, as Barcelona, the NOx ...
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Lisbon air quality: evaluating traffic hot-spots
This paper presents an air quality study in an urban traffic hot-spot in Lisbon, Portugal, by comparing the atmospheric pollutant concentrations obtained by a numerical model with measured values. Results indicate that the mean variation of particle and gaseous concentrations followed the traffic flow rate, evidencing the occurrence of PM10 concentrations greater than the respective air quality ...
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New network of weather stations in Sheffield - Case Study
OTT HydroMet is installing fifteen automatic weather stations as part of the University of Sheffield’s Urban Flows Observatory, which is led by the Departments of Civil and Structural Engineering, and Automatic Control and Systems Engineering (ACSE). The monitoring sites are conveniently located at Sheffield schools, and data from the stations will contribute to the project’s wider ...
By OTT HydroMet
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Air pollution dispersion inside a street canyon of Gottinger Strasse (Hannover, Germany): new results of the analysis of full scale data
This study analyses the interactions between pollutant concentrations inside a street canyon, and wind and traffic dispersive air motions. Air pollutant concentrations, meteorological parameters and traffic flow continuously measured in Gottinger Strasse (Hannover, Germany) were used in calculations. Parameters included in the inverse proportionality between concentration and a dispersive ...
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The study of traffic hotspot air quality and street scale modelling in the Street Emission Ceilings (SEC) Project
The introduction of local scale analysis in Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) requires an evaluation of road transport emission factors and local scale air quality models. The comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 over NOx delta (street level minus background) concentration ratios against emission ratio estimates, confirms the appropriateness of the COPERT methodology. The comparison also reveals the ...
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Traffic emission effects on ambient air pollution by PM2.5–related PAH in Upper Silesia, Poland
The ambient concentration of particle–bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in two industrial towns in Upper Silesia, Poland. The 24 h samples of PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) were collected simultaneously at busy roads (or crossroads) and at an urban background site. Additionally, the samples were collected during the heaviest traffic density (rush ...
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Cleaner transport technology most efficient to ensure compliance with 2010 NO2 limit values in Copenhagen, Denmark
An integrated traffic and air quality modelling approach was used to assess the impacts of local abatement measures to study compliance with European Union (EU) air quality limit values for NO2 and PM10. The abatement measures included four scenarios: municipal traffic management, toll ring or road pricing, cleaner transport technology as part of an environmental zone, and maximum effect – a ...
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