Problem: The wastewater plants in Clarkson and Guelph, Ontario use chlorine for disinfection but have severe limits on the concentration of chlorine residual that can be discharged. The receiving stream has limited capacity and is populated by aquatic life sensitive to chlorine. The usual approach to this problem is to feed sulfite in sufficient concentration to de‐chlorinate the effluent. ...
The Dunkirk LNG terminal in France is owned and operated by the EDF subsidiary Dunkerque LNG. The terminal has facilities such as a berthing station with the hosting capacity of around 80 LNG tankers a year, unloading system and storage facilities. The LNG is transported to storage tanks by methane tankers equipped with reinforced hulls and double-walled tanks.The berth installed at the terminal ...
Water distribution networks (WDNs) could present problems of pathogen intrusion that affect the health of consumers. One solution to diminish this risk is to add more disinfectant to the water at the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). However, this increases the cost of water treatment and may also cause the formation of trihalomethanes. Mexico has the largest bottled water market in the ...
There are several methods for controlling the addition of chlorine into a process. These methods include flow proportional injection, ORP (oxidation reduction potential) or a residual chlorine analyzer. Each method measures a different process characteristic. Depending on the specific type of process being controlled, there generally is a best choice for controlling the injection of either ...
Located on the eastern side of the San Francisco Bay, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) treats and distributes water to over 1.3 million customers in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. As one of the largest utility districts in California, EBMUD is a leader in the water industry’s water quality, conservation and sustainability efforts. EBMUD chloraminates water prior to ...
Construction was completed on the City of Toronto's F.J. Hor-gan Water Treatment Plant in 1979, more than 60 years after chloramine had first been used to disinfect drinking water in an Ottawa plant. By then there was little debate about the benefits of chloramination and it was incorporated into the new plant's design as part of the disinfection process. Chloramine is more stable than free ...
The drinking water distribution system of Cremona, in the north of Italy, was monitored for 6 years (2006–2011) analyzing chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate concentrations. The software Epanet 2.0 (USEPA) was applied to the distribution system. The mixing zone of the water coming from the two drinking water treatment plants, respectively located to the west and east of the city, was ...
Indiana is one of a few states that has replaced a weekly Fecal limit with a daily E. coli limit as an indicator organism for wastewater disinfection. It has been accepted that E. coli is a better organism indicator. However, there is still not an EPA approved method for enumerating E. coli in wastewater. Indiana has adopted several different methods for use by wastewater treatment plants for ...
The mutagens produced through chemical reaction between chlorine and the insecticide fenitrothion were studied by using a quadrupole GC-MS. The mutagenicity and the mutagen formation potential (MFP) of the identified by-products were evaluated by the Ames assay (preincubation method) using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without exogenous activation by S9 mix (TA100-S9). Before conducting GC/MS ...
According to a recent study more than 90 percent of water treatment plants utilizing chloramination for distribution system residuals indicate a certain level of dissatisfaction toward the process performance. One factor that may lead to such dissatisfaction is the inadequacy of mixing when ammonia is added to chlorinated water. If mixing is not instantaneous and uniform, the actual chlorine to ...
Hydrogen can be produced by decomposing water, through thermochemical cycles, in an environmentally benign manner using nuclear energy. The copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle is one of the most promising low-temperature thermochemical cycles and involves five main steps: HCl (g) production; oxygen production; copper (Cu) production; drying; hydrogen production. In this study, energy and exergy ...
Based on federal and state regulations for identifying and quantifying low levels of pesticides in food and environmental samples, we selected three capillary columns to screen for chlorinated pesticides. A nonpolar and two low/intermediate polarity phases were chosen to evaluate differences in component elution order and retention times. Low level screening analyses were performed effectively ...
Pasco County, Florida Water Utilities serves its customers with water from its 58 permitted wells blended with the water supplied by its large regional supplier, Tampa Bay Water. In 2002 Tampa Bay Water converted to monochloramine disinfection because of its advantages over free residual chlorine. Monochloramine is more stable and better extends the disinfectant residual throughout the ...
As a result of the cluster rule for the control of the hazardous air pollutants, pulp and paper mills are in the process of further substituting chlorine with aqueous chlorine dioxide for their bleaching operations. In addition, ammonia aqueous solutions are applied by paper mills in various processes. An evaporation model including both heat and mass transfer for aqueous solutions has been ...
Abstract As a result of the cluster rule for the control of the hazardous air pollutants, pulp and paper mills are in the process of further substituting chlorine with aqueous chlorine dioxide for their bleaching operations. In addition, ammonia aqueous solutions are applied by paper mills in various processes. An evaporation model including both heat and mass transfer for aqueous solutions has ...
Residual chlorine concentration decreases along distribution networks because of factors such as water quality, physical properties of the pipeline, and hydraulic conditions. Hydraulic conditions are primarily governed by transient events generated by valve modulation or pumping action. We investigate the impact of transient events on the rate of chlorine decay under various flow conditions. ...
Untitled Document Ofwat expects Water Companies in England and Wales to make savings on their operating costs by achieving greater efficiency, but further belttightening can’t offer much more scope without putting performance at risk. ICA (instrumentation, control and automation), on the other hand, offers real potential for increased efficiency if it is ...
This paper explores the application of the quality function deployment (QFD) approach to identify and prioritize factors to reconcile ‘actual’ risk with ‘perceived’ risk for drinking water in a distribution network. Consumers' complaints (regarding water odour, taste, colour and other problems) and consumers' perception about water safety are used to define customers' requirements (aka ‘whats’). ...
South West Water is using a peristaltic pump from Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group for dosing coagulant into raw reservoir water for purification purposes. It is thought to be the first time peristaltic technology has been used on a coagulant application, certainly within the southwest region. Originally the plant, near Falmouth in Cornwall , employed two conventional diaphragm pumps, ...
Despite the reported health-related advantages of the use of warm water in bidets, there are health-related disadvantages associated with the use of these toilet seats, and the bacterial research is sparse. We conducted a survey on the hygienic conditions of 127 warm-water bidet toilet seats in restrooms on a university campus. The spray water from the toilet seats had less residual chlorine ...