conductivity Articles
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Conducting core-sheath polyurethane-PEDOT nanofibres for conducting polymer actuator
Conducting core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by the vapour-phase polymerisation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) (PEDOT) on electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibres both with and without incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as the core part. The morphology, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and electroactive actuation of the core-sheath nanofibres were investigated. ...
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Constructal optimisation of heat generating volumes
Cooling of electronics by conduction with high thermal conductivity paths located in heat generating, low conductivity volumes are investigated using constructal theory. A new mathematical solution for the fundamental problem of how to collect and channel to one point the heat generated volumetrically in a low conductivity volume of a given size is developed using the Lagrange Multiplier Method. ...
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Shanghang leachate treatment project
Capacity: 140m³/day SS<=1000mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=60000mg/L, BOD<=3000mg/L,NH3-N<=1200mg/L, TN<=1500mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% 25000us/cm<conductivity<30000us/cm, recovery rate 60-65% ...
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Using Conductivity Measurements to Determine Concentration of Dissolved Substances
Conductivity is a simple and cost-effective method that is frequently used to determine the concentration of dissolved substances in a sample. At first sight, conductivity measurements may seem easy. The parameters used for the method are straightforward, but they do however vary strongly depending on the type of sample. This article explains the most important parameters and gives a number of ...
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Shaoxing leachate treatment project
Capacity: 200m³/day SS<=10mg/L, pH:6-6.8, COD<=3000mg/L, BOD<=1000mg/L,NH3-N<=50mg/L, TN<=300mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=4500mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=5000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% ...
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Ion-Pair Conductivity Theory Fitting Measured Data for Various Alcohol-Toluene Mixtures across Entire Concentration Range
We have measured the conductivity of binary alcohol-toluene mixtures (using 8 different alcohols) across the entire concentration range. The conductivity varies from 10E−11 up to 3.10E−4 S/m and, for a certain range decays rapidly and non-linearly with decreasing alcohol content.We assume that this range is associated with ion-pair formation due to decrease in dielectric constant. The ...
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Lanfang leachate treatment project
Capacity: 80m³/day SS<=800mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=10000mg/L, BOD<=200mg/L,NH3-N<=150mg/L, TN<=250mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=1200mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=10000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L,SS<=500mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate ...
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A rational approach for conducting highway pavement forensic investigations
Forensic investigations of highway pavements are generally conducted to investigate premature failures, but there are other reasons for conducting them, such as understanding exceptional pavement performance. Although frequently conducted, research was needed to identify and evaluate current investigation practices, and to develop a rational process that considers relevant factors and provides a ...
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Constructal entransy dissipation minimisation for `volume-point` heat conduction without the premise of optimised last-order construct
In the 'volume-point' heat conduction problem with a steady heat source, entransy dissipation reflects the mean temperature difference. By taking entransy dissipation as an optimisation objective, the high effective-conduction channel distribution has been optimised based on rectangular element, without the premise of an optimised last-order construct. A more optimal construct and the limit of ...
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What is the Difference between Thermal Conductive Silicone Grease and Thermal Conductive
Thermal conductive silica gel, also known as thermally conductive RTV, can be cured at room temperature and has certain bonding properties. Thermally conductive RTV is a kind of silicone rubber, which belongs to one-component liquid rubber vulcanized at room temperature. Once exposed to air, the silane monomers condense and form a network structure. The system is cross-linked, unable to melt and ...
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Exergoeconomic optimisation of an air–conditioning rotary regenerator: effect of matrix thermal conductivity on its performance
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the use of exergoeconomic analysis in the optimisation of the geometry of a rotary regenerator. The optimum geometry of a rotary regenerator is determined using the unit cost of the exergy of the warm air delivered as the objective function. The running cost is determined using different unit costs for the pressure component of exergy, ...
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Proton conductive composite membranes
In this work we investigated the synthesis of composite organic and inorganic membranes for proton conduction. Particles derived from metal alkoxides (M(OR)n) sol-gel processes (Ti, Zr, W with phosphoric acid) were embedded in polymeric matrices of poly-vinyl alcohol, (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane and ethylene glycol. The structure of the composite membranes was complex as several IR peaks ...
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Conductivity and transparency in amorphous In-Zn-O transparent conductors
Amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) is an increasingly important material both as a transparent conductor or semiconductor in transparent electronics and as an archetype amorphous electronic mixed metal oxide in itself. Here, a co-sputtering composition spread combinatorial approach was used to examine the conductivity and optical transparency in a-IZO thin films as a function of both In : Zn ...
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Ionization of a Nonpolar Liquid with an Alcohol
Nonpolar liquids whose dielectric permittivities are close to 2 have very low conductivities, usually below 10 × 10–10 S/m. Their ionization is suppressed by the lack of solvation resulting from the negligible dipole moment of such liquids’ molecules. Ionization could be enhanced by the addition of other substances that could serve as solvating agents, creating inverse micelles around ions and ...
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Researchers Improve Electrical Conductivity of Conductive Coating Materials
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have further enhanced a transparent and conductive coating material by increasing its electrical conductivity by 10 times. Illustration shows the apparatus used to create a thin layer of a transparent, electrically conductive material, to protect solar cells or other devices. The chemicals used to produce the layer, shown in tubes ...
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Audit Standards of Review for Attorney Fees
In conducting a legal fee audit, the framework of the analysis considers three basic standards: the rules of professional services provided by the California Bar, the retainer agreement and applicable court standards. Those three standards reflect a balance between the interests of the attorney’s client and the economic interests of the attorney as a professional service provider. The ...
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Conductivity Theory and Measurement
Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a solution to cany* a current. Current flow in liquids differs from mat in metal conductors in that electrons cannot flow freely, but must be carried by ions. Ions are formed when a solid such as salt is dissolved in a liquid to form electrical components having opposite electrical charges. For example, sodium chloride separates to form Na" ...
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Ion-Pair Conductivity Theory IV: SPAN Surfactants in Toluene and The Role of Viscosity
There have been number of papers published lately denying the role of ion-pairs role in the ionization of non-polar liquids containing surfactants. We have conducted several studies published in this Journal that unambiguously confirm the essential role of ion-pairs, and have suggested a theory that fits experimental conductivity data for a wide variety of non-polar liquid mixtures with ...
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PEDOT–PSS/MWCNT coatings on PET for conducting polymer actuators
The electrochemical deposition of a conducting polymer on a non–conductive polymer requires a conductive layer, which can be achieved by sputtering or vaporisation of precious metals such as gold or platinum. In this investigation we coated poly(styrenesulphonate) doped poly(3,4–ethylenedioxythiophene)/multi–walled carbon nanotubes (PEDOT–PSS/MWCNT), in a ratio of 2.4 : 1 on a poly(ethylene ...
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Ionic conductivity studies on neodymium doped ceria in different atmospheres
Nano-crystalline 10 and 20 mol% neodymium (Nd) doped ceria powders were prepared by gel-combustion synthesis. The single-phase nature of the nano powder has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction. These sinter-active nano powders resulted in dense products, as the sintered densities were found to be ∼90% of theoretical densities. Ionic conductivity studies were carried out in air, hydrogen and ...
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