conductivity Articles
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Conducting core-sheath polyurethane-PEDOT nanofibres for conducting polymer actuator
Conducting core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by the vapour-phase polymerisation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) (PEDOT) on electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibres both with and without incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as the core part. The morphology, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and electroactive actuation of the core-sheath nanofibres were investigated. ...
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Researchers Improve Electrical Conductivity of Conductive Coating Materials
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have further enhanced a transparent and conductive coating material by increasing its electrical conductivity by 10 times. Illustration shows the apparatus used to create a thin layer of a transparent, electrically conductive material, to protect solar cells or other devices. The chemicals used to produce the layer, shown in tubes ...
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Constructal optimisation of heat generating volumes
Cooling of electronics by conduction with high thermal conductivity paths located in heat generating, low conductivity volumes are investigated using constructal theory. A new mathematical solution for the fundamental problem of how to collect and channel to one point the heat generated volumetrically in a low conductivity volume of a given size is developed using the Lagrange Multiplier Method. ...
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Ion-Pair Conductivity Theory Fitting Measured Data for Various Alcohol-Toluene Mixtures across Entire Concentration Range
We have measured the conductivity of binary alcohol-toluene mixtures (using 8 different alcohols) across the entire concentration range. The conductivity varies from 10E−11 up to 3.10E−4 S/m and, for a certain range decays rapidly and non-linearly with decreasing alcohol content.We assume that this range is associated with ion-pair formation due to decrease in dielectric constant. The ...
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Conductivity Theory and Measurement
Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a solution to cany* a current. Current flow in liquids differs from mat in metal conductors in that electrons cannot flow freely, but must be carried by ions. Ions are formed when a solid such as salt is dissolved in a liquid to form electrical components having opposite electrical charges. For example, sodium chloride separates to form Na" ...
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Ion-Pair Conductivity Theory IV: SPAN Surfactants in Toluene and The Role of Viscosity
There have been number of papers published lately denying the role of ion-pairs role in the ionization of non-polar liquids containing surfactants. We have conducted several studies published in this Journal that unambiguously confirm the essential role of ion-pairs, and have suggested a theory that fits experimental conductivity data for a wide variety of non-polar liquid mixtures with ...
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Shanghang leachate treatment project
Capacity: 140m³/day SS<=1000mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=60000mg/L, BOD<=3000mg/L,NH3-N<=1200mg/L, TN<=1500mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% 25000us/cm<conductivity<30000us/cm, recovery rate 60-65% ...
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Shaoxing leachate treatment project
Capacity: 200m³/day SS<=10mg/L, pH:6-6.8, COD<=3000mg/L, BOD<=1000mg/L,NH3-N<=50mg/L, TN<=300mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=4500mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=5000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% ...
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Using Conductivity Measurements to Determine Concentration of Dissolved Substances
Conductivity is a simple and cost-effective method that is frequently used to determine the concentration of dissolved substances in a sample. At first sight, conductivity measurements may seem easy. The parameters used for the method are straightforward, but they do however vary strongly depending on the type of sample. This article explains the most important parameters and gives a number of ...
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Audit Standards of Review for Attorney Fees
In conducting a legal fee audit, the framework of the analysis considers three basic standards: the rules of professional services provided by the California Bar, the retainer agreement and applicable court standards. Those three standards reflect a balance between the interests of the attorney’s client and the economic interests of the attorney as a professional service provider. The ...
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Lanfang leachate treatment project
Capacity: 80m³/day SS<=800mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=10000mg/L, BOD<=200mg/L,NH3-N<=150mg/L, TN<=250mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=1200mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=10000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L,SS<=500mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate ...
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Constructal entransy dissipation minimisation for 'volume-point' heat conduction without the premise of optimised last-order construct
In the 'volume-point' heat conduction problem with a steady heat source, entransy dissipation reflects the mean temperature difference. By taking entransy dissipation as an optimisation objective, the high effective-conduction channel distribution has been optimised based on rectangular element, without the premise of an optimised last-order construct. A more optimal construct and the limit of ...
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Wuhan ChuYi leachate treatment project
Capacity:300tons/day SS<=500mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=10000mg/L, BOD<=5000mg/L,NH3-N<=2500mg/L, TN<=2500mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=1800mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=10000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% ...
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Wuhan Wulong leachate treatment project
Capacity: 100m³/day SS<=800mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=10000mg/L, BOD<=5000mg/L,NH3-N<=3000mg/L, TN<=4000mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=1200mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=10000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate 65-70% ...
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PEDOT–PSS/MWCNT coatings on PET for conducting polymer actuators
The electrochemical deposition of a conducting polymer on a non–conductive polymer requires a conductive layer, which can be achieved by sputtering or vaporisation of precious metals such as gold or platinum. In this investigation we coated poly(styrenesulphonate) doped poly(3,4–ethylenedioxythiophene)/multi–walled carbon nanotubes (PEDOT–PSS/MWCNT), in a ratio of 2.4 : 1 on a poly(ethylene ...
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Guangzhou leachate treatment project
Capacity: 150m³/day SS<=800mg/L, pH:6-6.8, COD<=40000mg/L, BOD<=400mg/L,NH3-N<=1000mg/L, TN<=250mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=3000mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=2000mg/L,SiO2<=70mg/L,SS<=100mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate ...
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Luan leachate Treatment project
Capacity: 50m³/day SS<=500mg/L, pH:6-9, COD<=10000mg/L, BOD<=5000mg/L,NH3-N<=2000mg/L, TN<=2500mg/L, Total hardness(as CaCO3)<=1200mg/L, Total akalinity(as CaCO3)<=10000mg/L,SiO2<=50mg/L,SS<=500mg/L, Conductivity<=15000us/cm, recovery rate>75% 15000us/cm<conductivity<20000us/cm, recovery rate70-75% 20000us/cm<conductivity<25000us/cm, recovery rate ...
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Constructal entransy dissipation minimisation for `volume-point` heat conduction without the premise of optimised last-order construct
In the 'volume-point' heat conduction problem with a steady heat source, entransy dissipation reflects the mean temperature difference. By taking entransy dissipation as an optimisation objective, the high effective-conduction channel distribution has been optimised based on rectangular element, without the premise of an optimised last-order construct. A more optimal construct and the limit of ...
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Proton conductive composite membranes
In this work we investigated the synthesis of composite organic and inorganic membranes for proton conduction. Particles derived from metal alkoxides (M(OR)n) sol-gel processes (Ti, Zr, W with phosphoric acid) were embedded in polymeric matrices of poly-vinyl alcohol, (3-glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane and ethylene glycol. The structure of the composite membranes was complex as several IR peaks ...
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A Model Study of the Influence of Stress on the Thermal Conductivity of Dry Sand
An equivalent resistor model was investigated to determine its suitability for describing the thermal conductivity of dry granular soils. The suitability of the model for incorporating the influence of stress on thermal conductivity was also examined. The parameters necessary to specify the model were determined experimentally by fitting the model to measured values of thermal conductivity from ...
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