conductivity electrode Articles
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ORP and Conductivity Electrode Care and Troubleshooting
Electrode care is required consistently to ensure an accurate reading for any application, but the frequency of cleaning varies dramatically. The best way to determine a cleaning schedule is by calibrating on first use then checking frequently with a standard. Once the measurement is out of acceptable range, then record how long that took and recalibrate. Use the recorded time as a ...
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The Basics of Conductivity Electrodes
What is Conductivity? Specific conductance, or conductivity, with regards to water quality is the measurement of how many and how mobile ions are in solution. The more ions that are present and the faster they can move, the higher the conductivity. This water quality parameter is measured in Siemens/cm (S/cm), or more commonly microSiemens/cm (µS/cm). Conductivity is also the inverse of ...
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Visible light-operated glucose-O2 biofuel cell
Visible light-operated glucose-O2 biofuel cell consisting of chlorin-e6 metal complexes (MChl?e6, M = H2 and Zn) adsorbed on TiO2 coated onto Optical Transparent conductive glass Electrode (OTE) as an anode, platinum electrode as a cathode, and the solution containing glucose, Glucose Dehydrogenase and NAD+ as a fuel is studied. The cells using H2Chl-e6 and Zn Chl-e6 adsorbed on TiO2 coated OTEs ...
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Towards ferroelectric and multiferroic nanostructures and their characterisation
We summarise here our efforts toward the fabrication and characterisation of ferroelectric and multiferroic films and structures. First, we discuss the challenges related with the fabrication and characterisation of nanostructures of functional complex oxides. In particular, to demonstrate the functionality of our films and especially of our structures, we briefly describe atomic force microscopy ...
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Instrumentation and Operational Considerations for On-Line pH Measurement in Samples Below 10µS/cm Conductivity
Ordinarily pH measurements are made in water with 1,000 to 10,000 µS/cm conductivity. The conductivity comes from dissolved solids which are typically salts but also acid or base. These dissolved substances are in the solution in ion form which makes such solutions conducting. With conductivities of 1,000 µS/ cm or more, an ample supply of mobile ions provides pH electrodes with a ...
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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesised from different catalysts: morphology, dielectrophoresis and conductance
We give a brief overview of research to date on carbon nanotubes in New Zealand. We then present an investigation of the relationship between morphology and conductance and other properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesised under identical conditions using different catalyst precursors, namely ferrocene and iron (II) phthalocyanine. Large differences were observed in the ...
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Phenol degradation kinetic property in coking wastewater with pulse corona
The degradation kinetics of phenol in coking wastewater and the effect of electrode parameters on phenol's removal ratio in pulse corona discharge were investigated with experiments and theoretical analysis. The result showed that Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand after five days (BOD5) in the wastewater increased in the initial step, and decreased later. Conductivity ...
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Conductivity Measurement in high purity water samples below 10 microsiems/cm
High Purity Water Resistivity/ Conductivity Measurement Ultra-Pure Water without any chemical impurities will still have a conductivity because of the presence of H* and OH" ions due to the self-ionization of water. Ultra-pure water has a conductivity of 0.055 HSiemens'cm or a resistivity of 18.18 mQ-cm at 25 °C. In order to know the conductivity or resistivity of ultra-pure water it is ...
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Gas Evolution from Battery Electrodes
Although tremendous efforts are made in developing stable Zn electrodes and bifunctional catalysts in rechargeable Zn–air batteries, the charging process is seldom reported. Herein, an in-depth investigation into the gas evolution on the air electrode is conducted by in-situ characterization. It is found that the charging process can be divided into three stages: no obvious bubbles, small ...
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Designing PEDOT–based sensors for antioxidant analysis
Antioxidants play important roles in food quality and the protection and promotion of human health. The most commonly used antioxidant determination techniques are the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and HPLC analyses. However, these methods have various disadvantages such as long time requirements, low sensitivity, interfering agents etc. Cyclic voltammetry at inert electrodes is another method for ...
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The function and significance of water level sensor
What is a water level sensor? The water level sensor is a device that measures the liquid level in a fixed container that is too high or too low. According to the method of measuring the liquid level, it can be divided into two types: contact type and non-contact type. The input type water level transmitter we call is a contact measurement, which converts the height of the liquid level into an ...
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Nitrate Biosensor - Case Study
BACKGROUND In 1998, Dr. Bill Campbell and his team published a peer-reviewed journal article in Analytical Chemistry on the construction and characterization of Nitrate Reductase-Based Amperometric Electrode and Nitrate Assay of Fertilizers and Drinking Water. This publication set the stage for the nitrate biosensor project. In this publication, we found that nitrate reductase was indeed capable ...
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Supmea Conductivity Sensors Supplier
Supmea is a company that provides a range of industrial measurement and automation solutions, including conductivity sensors. The Supmea conductivity sensors are designed to measure the electrical conductivity of liquids accurately and reliably. These sensors are widely used in various industrial processes, water treatment, environmental monitoring, and research applications. Key features of ...
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Advantages of h2s gas detector
Background: H2s gas detector is an important part of safety equipment to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment in chemical and processing plants. These devices are designed to detect the presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas, a toxic and dangerous gas that can cause serious personal injury and property damage if not properly detected and handled.Hydrogen sulfide gas detector is mainly used ...
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STs Series Sensor Storage
STs Series sensors are constructed from high-quality, durable materials that can be stored for long periods of time. The only weak point is the electrode, which can be damaged or expire during storage in the wrong conditions. These conditions vary depending on the type of electrode, which is why we have different storage instructions for each sensor. Please navigate to your sensor of interest ...
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Arsenic removal from groundwater using low-cost carbon composite electrodes for capacitive deionization
Affordable carbon composite electrodes were developed to treat low-concentrated groundwater using capacitive deionization (CDI). A carbon slurry prepared using activated carbon powder (ACP), poly(vinylidene fluoride), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was employed as a casting solution to soak in a low-cost porous substrate. The surface morphology of the carbon composite electrodes was investigated ...
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Linear Conversion of Conductivity To Salinity
Disclaimer: This article covers an equation for linear scaling of conductivity sensors to estimate salinity based on the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78). The equation effectively estimates seawater salinity between the practical salinity ranges of 22 and 42, temperatures 5-35°C, and pressure less than 200 dBar, using a temperature-compensated conductivity sensor. This is not for ...
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When to Calibrate and Replace an Electrode
Why is Calibration Required? It is a simple question and a simple answer. Data is worthless if it is not correct, and calibration is required so we–the users–can verify that the electrode or sensor is giving us the correct data. It is one of the most important aspects of quality control and, in extreme cases, can cost tens of thousands of dollars and hours of time if even one ...
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Choose the Right Sensor for Water Quality Monitoring
Sensors are the backbone of any water quality monitoring system since they determine accuracy and reliability. As such, it is best to start with picking the sensor(s) when designing a new system for applications such as pollution control, saltwater ingression studies, aquaculture, process control, ...
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Experimental and numerical study of a RF plasma source in a DC-grounded electrode configuration
Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) sources have a variety of important applications, which make use of the interaction of active species (ions and radicals) created in the plasma volume with the surface materials of the electrodes. Due to the radio frequency (RF) excitation, the electrode materials are not restricted to be conducting, as RF current can flow through dielectric materials as well. ...
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