disinfection by-product Articles
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Disinfection by-product formation from the monochloramination of chironomid larvae
Formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), chloroform (TCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), chloropicrin (TCNM) and chloral hydrate (CH), from monochloramination of chironomid larvae was investigated at different contact times, pH levels and temperatures. Increased monochloramine dosage and ...
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A Simple Method to Reduce Disinfection By-product Formation
The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBP) during drinking water production has long been of concern toauthorities and consumers alike. Although most disinfectants form unwanted DBPs there is particular concern withchlorine disinfection as a variety of chlorinated compounds are formed with possible adverse health effects, includingtrihalomethanes (THMs). Strategies for controlling THM ...
By Ixom
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The formation kinetics of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes during chloramination
This study investigates the formation of 14N- and 15N-nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation upon 15N-chloramination from four dissolved organic matters (DOMs). A series of XAD resins were used to fractionate DOM based on their hydrophobicity and functional group. The results show that hydrophobic acid (HPOA) fraction was the most important precursor pool for haloacetonitrile (HAN); ...
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Factors affecting formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination of Cyclops
Effects of reaction time, chlorine dosages, pH, temperature and ammonia concentrations on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), chloral hydrate (CH), and chloropicrin (TCNM), were investigated during the chlorination of Cyclops metabolite solutions containing 4 mg/L (as total ...
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Eutrophication linked to disinfection - by products problem in drinking water production
Eutrophication is one of those big problems that cause water quality degradation. Presence of cyanobacterial toxins and climate change impacts would degrade water quality towards the worst. In regard to the mentioned problems, disinfection-by products strongly act as a consequence of drinking water production. Continue reading the full ...
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High Rate MAGNAPAK® System for Stage 1 DBP Compliance
With very high formation potential levels in both Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and Haleocetic Acids (HAA5s) of its finished water, Cedar Key was identified by the FL Department of Environmental Protection as a major offender of the Stage 1 Disinfection By- Products Rule (DBPR) from 2003 to 2006. After evaluating several alternatives, the MIEX®Process was selected as a pretreatment step to Cedar ...
By Ixom
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Comparing methods to remove emerging contaminants and disinfection by-product precursors at pilot scale
The removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products, atrazine, and disinfection by-product precursors, was evaluated during a pilot-scale study conducted at the Bollman Water Treatment Plant in Concord, California, USA. Treatment alternatives included ozonation followed by biologically active filtration (BAF), and nanofiltration. Both technologies exhibited excellent broad-spectrum ...
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Formation of disinfection by-products during the monochloramination of co-existing Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclops metabolites
Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclops exist together in their natural states. The formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chloral hydrate (CH), and haloketones, as well as nitrogenous DBPs, including trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and haloacetonitriles, was investigated with respect to co-existing Microcystis aeruginosa and ...
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Packaged MAGNAPAK® DOC Removal System at Big Elk Meadows, CO
With very high formation potential levels in both Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and Haleocetic Acids (HAA5s) of its finished water, Cedar Key was identified by the FL Department of Environmental Protection as a major offender of the Stage 1 Disinfection By- Products Rule (DBPR) from 2003 to 2006. After evaluating several alternatives, the MIEX®Process was selected as a pretreatment step to Cedar ...
By Ixom
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Disinfection By-Products (DBP) Precursor Monitoring
Chlorine has long been used as a primary disinfection method for many water and wastewater treatment applications. However, there is growing concern about the harmful DBP’s produced by the use of chlorine. DBP’s, such as triahalomethanes (THMs), can occur when the natural organic matter (NOM) that is present in the water is combined with chlorine. More specifically, the portion of ...
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Monochloramine and total haloamine decay after a short prechlorination time in the presence of bromide
The Chlorine-Ammonia Process was developed recently as a preoxidation process to minimize the formation of bromate during ozonation of the waters containing a significant bromide concentration. Chlorine is added first followed by ammonia 5–10 minutes later, with the goal of sequestering bromide in monobromamine during the subsequent ozonation step. The goal of this research was to improve the ...
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Utility reduces DBPs while controlling algae growth - case study
In the fall of 2004, the Operations Division of the Santa Clara Valley Water District (the District) started a program called the Operations Council on Excellence. The program was created to support the District’s vision of a cleaner, greener, and leaner operation. At the time, two of the District’s three water treatment plants, Penitencia and Santa Teresa, were undergoing ...
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Variability of water residence time and free chlorine and disinfection by-product concentrations within a residential neighborhood
Sampling campaigns at several points in a sector of a distribution network were conducted during several months to study the spatial and temporal variation of the free chlorine concentration (FCC) and disinfection by-product concentrations (DBPC) at the scale of a residential neighborhood. The water residence times (RT) at these sampling points and for the same period were also simulated ...
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Disinfection by-product occurrence in selected European waters
In this paper we report the findings of a European survey of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking waters in selected regions that were part of epidemiology studies. The levels of DBPs found reflected the diverse regions from which the samples were collected, the different treatment/disinfection processes and the different source waters. In addition to a wide range ...
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Trihalomethane formation in ozonated and chlorinated surface water
Abstract The relatively recent discovery of disinfection by-products has driven the main regulatory organisms to set maximum contaminant levels for certain substances in drinking water. Trihalomethanes can be deemed as the most important group of by-products in chlorinated surface waters. The present work has focused on trihalomethane formation in a full-scale water treatment plant. We studied ...
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Oxidation and volatilization of bromide by electrolysis in drinking water
To reduce the concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products, a process is presented here which removes bromide from a widely used surface water source, the California State Water Project (SWP). The process consists of oxidizing bromide to bromine and volatilizing the bromine. SWP water was passed through this unit under various conditions and the bromide was oxidized and volatilized under ...
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Application of an optimized system for the well-defined exposure of human lung cells to trichloramine and indoor pool air
In this study an in vitro exposure test to investigate toxicological effects of the volatile disinfection by-product trichloramine and of real indoor pool air was established. For this purpose a set-up to generate a well-defined, clean gas stream of trichloramine was combined with biotests. Human alveolar epithelial lung cells of the cell line A-549 were exposed in a CULTEX® device with ...
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Bromate analysis analysis of bromate in drinking water by hplc and post-column derivatization
Bromate is a disinfection by-product that is formed when Ozone reacts with naturally occurring Bromide in drinking water. Bromate is a known animal carcinogen and has also been listed as a group 2B toxin: probable human carcinogen. The U.S. EPA Method 300.1 employs conductivity as the means of detection which works well for most anions. However, the method is nonspecific and coeluting ...
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Using HPSEC to identify NOM fraction removal and the correlation with disinfection by-product precursors
In this study high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to compare an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane and alum coagulation for their capacity to remove different fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) from water. At the same time, the removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, as measured by trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid ...
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Health effects of disinfection by-products in Australian drinking waters
The disinfection of drinking water has greatly diminished the occurrence of diseases known to be caused by water-borne pathogens, but technological advances subsequent to the initial discovery of chloroform in 1974 have enabled the identification of a plethora of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs), particularly trihalomethanes (THMs), that may have injurious health effects on humans. DBPs are widely ...
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