drinking water disinfection product Articles
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40 years on: what do we know about drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and human health?
2014 marks the 40th anniversary of the seminal discovery by Johannes Rook, in 1974, that trihalomethanes (THMs) were formed by the chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water. Since this discovery, which revolutionized how we viewed drinking water safety and quality, hundreds of other classes of disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been discovered. The finding in 1976 by the ...
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Regulations and perspectives on disinfection by-products: importance of estimating overall toxicity
Chemical disinfection of drinking water results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This paper reviews evidence on the overall toxicity of disinfected water instead of focusing on the effects of individual DBPs. The possible health effects of ingesting DBPs include development of cancer and adverse reproductive/developmental outcomes. Only a few of the 600–700 chlorinated ...
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Oxidation and volatilization of bromide by electrolysis in drinking water
To reduce the concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products, a process is presented here which removes bromide from a widely used surface water source, the California State Water Project (SWP). The process consists of oxidizing bromide to bromine and volatilizing the bromine. SWP water was passed through this unit under various conditions and the bromide was oxidized and volatilized under ...
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Genotoxicity and effects of nanosilver contamination in drinking water disinfection
This study was conducted to examine the genotoxicity and the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) contamination when drinking water is exposed to five different disinfection treatments: chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ozone/chlorine and ozone/chlorine dioxide. Experiments were conducted with water samples of different chemical composition, from three water supply systems in Croatia. ...
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Variations of disinfection by-product levels in small drinking water utilities according to climate change scenarios: a first assessment
In Québec, Canada, shifts in climate patterns (i.e., rainfall increase) could have consequences on source water quality due to the intensification of surface/groundwater runoff contamination events, leading to a decline in drinking water treatment efficiency and ultimately disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation following treatment. To assess the impacts of climate change (CC) scenarios on ...
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Eutrophication linked to disinfection - by products problem in drinking water production
Eutrophication is one of those big problems that cause water quality degradation. Presence of cyanobacterial toxins and climate change impacts would degrade water quality towards the worst. In regard to the mentioned problems, disinfection-by products strongly act as a consequence of drinking water production. Continue reading the full ...
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A Simple Method to Reduce Disinfection By-product Formation
The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBP) during drinking water production has long been of concern toauthorities and consumers alike. Although most disinfectants form unwanted DBPs there is particular concern withchlorine disinfection as a variety of chlorinated compounds are formed with possible adverse health effects, includingtrihalomethanes (THMs). Strategies for controlling THM ...
By Ixom
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Evaluation of fluorescence excitation–emission and LC-OCD as methods of detecting removal of NOM and DBP precursors by enhanced coagulation
Bench-scale tests were conducted to evaluate enhanced coagulation as a method for removing natural organic matter (NOM) from a surface water to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Aluminium sulphate (alum) and two polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulants were used, as well as alum with pH depression. Using a PACl coagulant alone or alum with pH depression was shown to attain ...
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Formation characteristics of haloacetic acids from phenols in drinking water chlorination
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are typical chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water. Apart from natural organic matter, synthetic organic compounds in raw water contribute to HAAs due to their high frequency of detection in raw water and high reactive activities with chlorine. Formation characteristics of HAAs from synthetic organic compounds were investigated using seven phenols as ...
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Developmental effects and genotoxicity of 10 water disinfection by-products in zebrafish
Disinfection by-products are contaminants produced during drinking water disinfection. Several DBPs have been implicated in a variety of toxic effects, mainly carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. Moreover, DBPs exposure has also been associated with an increased risk of developmental effects. In this study, the developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 DBPs (four trihalomethanes [THMs], five ...
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Identification of humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like natural organic matter in river water using fluorescence spectroscopy
Identifying the extent of humic acid (HA)-like and fulvic acid (FA)-like natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural water is important to assess disinfection by-product formation and fouling potential during drinking water treatment applications. However, the unique fluorescence properties related to HA-like NOM is masked by the fluorescence signals of the more abundant FA-like NOM. For this ...
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Disinfection by-product occurrence in selected European waters
In this paper we report the findings of a European survey of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking waters in selected regions that were part of epidemiology studies. The levels of DBPs found reflected the diverse regions from which the samples were collected, the different treatment/disinfection processes and the different source waters. In addition to a wide range ...
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Health effects of disinfection by-products in Australian drinking waters
The disinfection of drinking water has greatly diminished the occurrence of diseases known to be caused by water-borne pathogens, but technological advances subsequent to the initial discovery of chloroform in 1974 have enabled the identification of a plethora of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs), particularly trihalomethanes (THMs), that may have injurious health effects on humans. DBPs are widely ...
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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is currently considered as one of the most important parameters in drinking water treatment due to its potential to form toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). A comprehensive investigation was made in this study on the variation of DON in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant with a treatment train of coagulation/sedimentation, biofiltration ...
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Disinfection by-products in drinking water – a case study on Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been monitored in Calgary's drinking water for approximately 15 years. The variability of the DBPs has typically exhibited similar patterns over the period of monitoring. Due to the nature of the surface waters supplying the water treatment plants, the level of DBPs was largely influenced by surface runoff events where the level of natural organic matter (NOM) ...
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Modelling of haloacetic acid concentrations in a United Kingdom drinking water system
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are formed during the chlorination of water containing organic matter but predictive models for their formation are not well established at present and have not been applied to UK water systems. In this paper two different modelling approaches have been applied and evaluated to a selected UK drinking water system. The first approach involved the development of statistical ...
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Relating water quality monitoring to disinfection by-product formation in four pilot treatment streams
With increasing focus on the health implications from disinfection by-products (DBP) in drinking waters, appropriate monitoring parameters are required that can give rapid information on the potential of a treated water to form DBPs. Given that the most effective strategy for the reduction of concentrations of DBPs is the removal of their precursor, natural organic matter, parameters that ...
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Risk assessment of haloacetic acids in the water supply of Tehran, Iran
Disinfection by-products are compounds occurring in drinking water as a result of reactions between disinfectants and impurities in raw water, and their occurrence has been a public health concern for the last four decades. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are one of the major by-products of chlorination. The concentration and variation of HAAs was monitored in 540 samples taken from tap water in six ...
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Evaluation of temperature impacts on drinking water treatment efficacy of magnetic ion exchange and enhanced coagulation
Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) is an emerging technology for disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor removal in the drinking water industry. Although recent research has demonstrated that this technology is capable of achieving excellent natural organic matter (NOM) removal, there is paucity of published research showing the efficacy of ion exchange (IX) technology in cold water ...
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