drinking water model Articles
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Development of a model-based control system for membrane filtration process
Reduction of operational cost and certification of safety for treated water are required for the membrane filtration process for drinking water. Therefore a model-based control system is developed to reduce operational cost. A process model is used for the model-based control system that calculates the transmembrane pressure (TMP) in the future. This allows the model-based control system to ...
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Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent
High fluoride levels beyond the recommended value of 1.5 mg/L have been detected in several groundwater wells in Northern Ghana. This occurrence has led to the capping of many high yielding wells that hitherto have been major sources of drinking water for the populace in these arid areas. Most of the fluoride removal technologies applied in the area has not been versatile in effectively ...
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Computational modelling methods for assessing the risks from lead in drinking water
Computational modelling methods have been used to predict the risks from lead in drinking water across a simulated supply zone, for a range of plumbosolvency conditions and a range of extents of occurrence of houses having a lead pipe, on the basis of five risk benchmarking methods. For the worst case modelled (very high plumbosolvency and 90% houses with a lead pipe) the percentage of houses at ...
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GLM and joint GLM techniques in hydrogeology: an illustration
In regression models with positive observations, estimation is often based on either the log–normal or the gamma model. Generalised linear models and joint generalised linear models are appropriate for analysing positive data with constant and non–constant variance, respectively. This article focuses on the use of these two techniques in hydrogeology. As an illustration, groundwater quality ...
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Biocorrosion in drinking water pipes
Copper is widely used in drinking water distribution systems due to its relatively low cost and favorable mechanical properties. However, copper corrosion may generate copper concentrations exceeding the thresholds prescribed by international drinking water standards. In-situ measurements performed in an actual system found that the copper mass released under flowing water conditions (pipe ...
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A general framework of chlorine decay modeling at a pilot-scale water distribution system
Understanding the variation of chlorine concentrations in water distribution systems is important for determining the schedule of rechlorination. Maintaining an appropriate chlorine concentration in domestic tap water and a sustainable residual chlorine in water distribution systems is an important commitment to ensure high drinking water quality. A generic modeling framework is proposed to ...
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Strontium adsorption and desorption reactions in model drinking water distribution systems
Divalent cationic strontium (Sr2+) adsorption to and desorption from iron corrosion products were examined in two model drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). One system was maintained with chlorine-disinfected drinking water and the other with the same water with secondary chloramine disinfection. Flow conditions simulated primary transmission lines (constant flow) and residential ...
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A comparison of the Eulerian and particle tracking approaches for prediction of ozone contactor performance
The Eulerian and particle tracking approaches, two commonly utilized numerical methods, were evaluated for modelling drinking water ozone disinfection systems. The Eulerian approach predicts disinfection performance by solving an advection-diffusion equation. Alternatively, the particle tracking (Lagrangian) approach calculates disinfection efficiency by numerically introducing particles into the ...
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Effects of phosphorus on biofilm disinfections in model drinking water distribution systems
Drinking water biofilm development is affected by the available nutrient levels and the presence of disinfectants. Phosphorus is recognized as another important limiting nutrient besides organic carbon. In this study, drinking water biofilms were developed in annular reactors to examine the effects of phosphorus on the biofilm disinfections with free chlorine and monochloramine. Phosphorus ...
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Estimation of pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source using hydrodynamic modelling and microbial source tracking
The faecal contamination of drinking water sources can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. To estimate a potential risk for waterborne infections caused by faecal contamination of drinking water sources, knowledge of the pathogen concentrations in raw water is required. We suggest a novel approach to estimate pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source by using microbial source ...
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Evaluation of control strategies for drinking water treatment plants using a process model
This research adds a method to evaluate control strategies to the design methodology for drinking water treatment plants. A process model dealing with parameters related to the calcium carbon dioxide equilibrium was set up. Using the process model, the existing control strategy was compared with a new control strategy and the effects of two different sets of input data were studied. It was ...
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The economic impact of climate-driven changes in water availability in Switzerland
The broad objective of this study is to estimate the economic impact of changes in water availability due to climate change in Switzerland with a 2050 time horizon. To do so, the sectoral structure of the computable general equilibrium model GEMINI-E3 is being extended. Raw water resources are introduced as a production factor into the model and a drinking water distribution sector is ...
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A bottom-up approach of stochastic demand allocation in a hydraulic network model: a sensitivity study of model parameters
An “all pipes” hydraulic model of a drinking water distribution system was constructed with a bottom-up approach of demand allocation. This means that each individual home is represented by one demand node with its own stochastic water demand pattern. These water demand patterns were constructed with the end-use model SIMDEUM. A sensitivity test with respect to the resulting residence times was ...
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Private sector involvement according to European water liberalisation scenarios
What are the possible scenarios for the drinking water sector in Europe? This paper presents the results of the EU-financed Euromarket project. [For more information on the Euromarket project including all the freely downloadable reports, visit the website: http://www.epfl.ch/mir/euromarket.] On the basis of a transactions framework, five end states (ES) were identified as follows: End state 1 ...
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Biofilms and bacteriological water quality in a domestic installation model simulating daily drinking water consumption
The biofilm formation potential of a drinking water supply system is related to the chemical, microbiological and hydrodynamic characteristics of water, and to the pipe materials in contact with water flow. The goals of this study were: to determine the biofilm dynamics in a model of four drinking water installations, to simulate daily household water consumption; to compare the biofilms ...
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Probabilistic analysis of risks to U.S. drinking water intakes from 1,4‐dioxane in domestic wastewater treatment plant effluents
The risks of 1,4‐dioxane (dioxane) concentrations in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, receiving primarily domestic wastewater, to downstream drinking water intakes was estimated using distributions of measured dioxane concentrations in effluents from 40 WWTPs and surface water dilution factors of 1,323 drinking water intakes across the U.S. Effluent samples were spiked with an ...
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Prediction of weekly nitrate-N fluctuations in a small agricultural watershed in Illinois
Agricultural nonpoint source pollution has been identified as one of the leading causes of surface water quality impairment in the United States. Such an impact is important, particularly in predominantly agricultural areas, where application of agricultural fertilizers often results in excessive nitrate levels in streams and rivers. When nitrate concentration in a public water supply reaches or ...
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Modelling of haloacetic acid concentrations in a United Kingdom drinking water system
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are formed during the chlorination of water containing organic matter but predictive models for their formation are not well established at present and have not been applied to UK water systems. In this paper two different modelling approaches have been applied and evaluated to a selected UK drinking water system. The first approach involved the development of statistical ...
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Research on raw water quality assessment oriented to drinking water treatment based on the SVM model
Raw water quality variation has a great effect on drinking water treatment. To improve the adaptivity of drinking water treatment and stabilize the quality of treated water, a raw water quality assessment method, which is based upon the support vector machine (SVM), is developed in this study. Compared to existing raw water quality assessment methods, the assessment method studied herein is ...
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Towards lessons from the field in India drinking : lessons from the field
India being a vast and diverse country, we face many challenges in ensuring reliable, sustainable safe drinking water supply to rural households of the country. Though, in terms of provision of safe drinking water, we have covered more than 90 percent of the rural households, according to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 65th round survey 2008-09, the authors have to recognize that much ...
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