drinking water risk Articles
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Incorporation of the Multiple Barrier Approach in drinking water risk assessment tools
A number of existing risk assessment tools make reference to, or incorporate, a Multiple Barrier Approach to drinking water safety. Three waterborne disease outbreaks that occurred in developed nations were used as case studies to test a selected set of risk assessment tools. The outbreaks were used to determine how well the risk assessment tools identify hazards and vulnerabilities associated ...
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Probabilistic exposure assessment to total trihalomethanes in drinking water: an EVT method
It was proved that some adverse reproductive outcomes are associated with the exposure to trihalomethanes. We define the exposure as the probability with which the total trihalomethanes concentration in drinking water exceeds the maximum level. We apply the Peaks of Threshold model of Extreme Value Theory into assessing the exposure risk for the drinking water in Japanese distribution systems. ...
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Reference pathogen numbers in urban stormwater for drinking water risk assessment
Targeted stormwater event-based monitoring of adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter, the human health reference pathogens of viruses, protozoa and bacteria, respectively, was undertaken to determine numbers prior to water recycling via an aquifer. This allowed the determination of a 95th percentile of reference pathogen numbers in stormwater (2 n/L for adenoviruses, 1.4 n/L for ...
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Circuit Court Grants Writ of Mandamus Requiring EPA to Act on Petition to Ban Chlorpyrifos
In an opinion issued on August 10, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit granted a writ of mandamus requested by Pesticide Action Network North America and the Natural Resources Defense Council (Petitioners) to require that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) act in response to a 2007 administrative petition to cancel the registrations of all pesticides containing ...
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Managing uncertainty in the provision of safe drinking water
The Canadian Water Network, the Alberta Water Research Institute, and the Ontario Centres of Excellence have collaborated to create the Canadian Municipal Water Management Research Consortium, a new initiative to engage municipal water authorities and allow them to access research capacity to tackle mutually identified, critical issues. The challenge of managing uncertainty in the provision of ...
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Comparing the microbial risks associated with household drinking water supplies used in peri-urban communities of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Most Cambodians lack access to a safe source of drinking water. Piped distribution systems are typically limited to major urban centers in Cambodia, and the remaining population relies on a variety of surface, rain, and groundwater sources. This study examines the household water supplies available to Phnom Penh's resettled peri-urban residents through a case-study approach of two ...
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Estimating the risk from sewage treatment plant effluent in the Sydney catchment area
This study employed Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the gastrointestinal risks associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia discharged from three STPs located within the Lake Burragorang catchment. The QMRA considered baseline and various hazardous event scenarios (e.g. plant failure and heavy rainfall). Under baseline conditions, the combined effect of constructed ...
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Cardiovascular diseases and hard drinking waters: implications from a systematic review with meta-analysis of case-control studies
This systematic review with meta-analysis, performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, aims at evaluating the potential correlation between magnesium and calcium concentration in drinking waters and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which impose a considerable burden in high-income countries. Included studies were ...
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Measuring the willingness to pay for drinking water quality improvements: results of a contingent valuation survey in Songzi, China
The aim of this study is to elicit local residents' willingness to pay (WTP), by applying the contingent valuation method as a surcharge on their water bill, for a given improvement in the drinking water quality and the supply reliability. The mean WTP for the drinking water quality improvement program was estimated to be 16.71 yuan (0.3% of total household income). The results note that more ...
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Computational modelling methods for assessing the risks from lead in drinking water
Computational modelling methods have been used to predict the risks from lead in drinking water across a simulated supply zone, for a range of plumbosolvency conditions and a range of extents of occurrence of houses having a lead pipe, on the basis of five risk benchmarking methods. For the worst case modelled (very high plumbosolvency and 90% houses with a lead pipe) the percentage of houses at ...
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The Drop Store: A Stark Image of A Water-Scarce Future
One of the most pressing issues of the climate emergency is the water crisis, but it’s one of the least discussed aspects of climate breakdown… which is certainly interesting when you consider that water underpins every part of life in the 21st century and, without it, industry would grind to a halt, food production would falter, ecosystems would perish and it would ultimately spell ...
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The detection of
Yersinia enterocolitica in surface water by quantitative PCR amplification of theail andyadA genesYersinia enterocolitica has been detected in surface water, and drinking untreated water is a risk factor for infection. PCR-based methods have been used to detect Y. enterocolitica in various sample types, but quantitative studies have not been conducted in water. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based methods targeting the Yersinia virulence genes ail and yadA were used to survey the ...
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Supporting the Water Safety Plan (WSP) approach with the Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS)
The Water Safety Plan (WSP) aims to ensure safe drinking water through risk assessment and preventive risk management which cover all steps of the water supply from catchment to the consumer. This approach requires a comprehensive hazard assessment including the identification and prioritisation of potential hazardous events. The Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS) supports this key step ...
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Presence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface water and drinking water
Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface waters in the nano- to microgram per liter range, and in drinking water in the nanogram/L range. The environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters have been evaluated and generally found to be low if the wastewater is treated before release to the environment. The human health risks of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in ...
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Icelandic experience with water safety plans
The aim of this study was to investigate accumulated experience with water safety plans in one of the first countries to adopt systematic preventive management for drinking-water safety. Water utilities in Iceland have had a legal obligation since 1995 to implement a systematic preventive approach to secure safety of drinking water and protect public health. The water utilities responded by ...
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Monitoring of reservoir feed for hydrocarbon contamination - Case Study
APPLICATION Monitoring of rural watercourse feeding a small reservoir to detect contamination from farm or food processing facilities. CUSTOMER Water Company, SW England PROBLEM Persistent small contamination events had put the reservoir which feeds a drinking water treatment plant at risk. Low level contamination preceded a large event in late ...
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Control of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors by soil aquifer treatment (SAT): what length of hydraulic retention time (HRT) is necessary?
The study attempted to determine the hydraulic retention time (HRT) required for soil aquifer treatment (SAT) to reclaim water as potable water in an aspect of controlling disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. In order to evaluate the removal of DBP precursors, the uniform formation condition was used to estimate the formations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). ...
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Identifying drinking water and water treatment systems vulnerabilities using the CARVER matrix method
Originally designed for target analysis, CARVER is an acronym for the vulnerability assessment elements of criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect and recognisability. Every category is assessed for each component or subcomponent of a designated target. Scoring can be based on any scale but typically ranges from the lowest significance of 1, to the highest significance ...
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A strategic approach for Water Safety Plans implementation in Portugal
Effective risk assessment and risk management approaches in public drinking water systems can benefit from a systematic process for hazards identification and effective management control based on the Water Safety Plan (WSP) concept. Good results from WSP development and implementation in a small number of Portuguese water utilities have shown that a more ambitious nationwide strategic approach ...
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Quantifying micro-organism removal for safe drinking water supplies
Over the past ten years the management of microbiological drinking water quality in The Netherlands has shifted from curative administration toward a more preventative strategy. This shift in policy came as a result of the findings of reports from other developed countries which highlighted the risk from persistent pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, some enteroviruses; and the pathogenic ...
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