fecal contamination Articles | Environmental XPRT

Stabilization of source-separated human urine by chemical oxidation

The inhibitory effect of ozone and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on urea hydrolysis in stored urine was investigated and compared. Ozone showed less effect on urea hydrolysis due to the complicated composition of urine (including a large amount of urease-producing bacteria) and bacteria regeneration. Ozone concentration and total heterotrophic bacteria analysis demonstrated that residual ozone ...

May 9, 2013

By IWA Publishing

Effects of temperature and predator on the persistence of host-specific Bacteroides-Prevotella genetic markers in water

Genetic markers derived from Bacteroidales spp. have been proposed as promising indicators for fecal contamination in the water environment. However, little is known about the persistency of Bacteroidales spp. 16S rRNA genetic markers in the natural environment, which hampers the precise identification of fecal contamination sources. In this study, the persistency of human-specific ...

Jan. 11, 2013

By IWA Publishing

Exposure to sewage from on-site sanitation and child health: a spatial analysis of linkages and externalities in peri-urban Bolivia

Exposure to fecal contamination is a leading cause of childhood infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Low-quality sanitation infrastructure and inadequate maintenance can make on-site solutions prone to spillage, exposing children to sewage. This paper uses a unique dataset with independent verification of sewage in and around the parcels of more than 20,000 houses with ...

Nov. 28, 2017

By IWA Publishing

Fluctuation of densities of bacteriophages and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> present in natural biofilms and water of a main channel and a small tributary

Fluctuation of densities of bacteriophages and Escherichia coli present in natural biofilms and water of a main channel and a small tributary

Fluctuation of bacteriophage and Escherichia coli densities in naturally developed riverbed biofilms were investigated for a 1-year period. E. coli ranged from 1,500 to 15,500 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL and from 580 to 18,500 MPN/cm2 in the main channel in the river water and biofilms, respectively. However, the fluctuations were much greater in the tributary, ranging from 0.8 to 100 ...

Aug. 8, 2013

By IWA Publishing

Behavioral influences on risk of exposure to fecal contamination in low-resource neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana

Rapid urbanization in low-resource countries has led to a growing sanitation crisis, with widespread fecal contamination and risk of adverse health outcomes. Understanding how to change sanitation behaviors and reduce exposure to fecal contamination is central to Sustainable Development Goal 6. This study examines behavioral influences on fecal contamination in six low-resource neighborhoods ...

Feb. 14, 2017

By IWA Publishing

Spatial and temporal variability of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban stream under different meteorological regimes

As a representative urban stream in Korea, the Gwangju (GJ) stream suffers from chronic fecal contamination. In this study, to characterize levels of fecal pollution in the GJ stream, the monthly monitoring data for seven years (from 2001 to 2007) and the hourly monitoring data from two field experiments were examined with respect to seasonal/daily variations and spatial distribution under wet ...

Jun. 1, 2010

By IWA Publishing

A mouse in the house seems harmless – at first

I write about pest control for a living, so I have described mice and rats and the problems they cause in detail many times. But it became a whole different story when there was a mouse in MY house. A few months ago I was sitting watching television, when out of the corner of my eye I see movement. I watch in disbelief as a full-grown house mouse runs along the edge of my living room wall and ...

Nov. 8, 2012

By Bird-X Inc.

Microbial indicators in natural biofilms developed in the riverbed

Microbial indicators such as heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli in naturally developed riverbed biofilms were investigated. Pebbles covered with natural biofilm were sampled directly from the riverbed at sampling stations ranging from the upstream region within a quasi-national park to the midstream in the urban district. Heterotrophic bacteria densities in biofilm ...

Sep. 1, 2010

By IWA Publishing

Assessment of diversity of adenovirus DNA polymerase gene in recreational waters facilitated by ultracentrifugal concentration

Adenoviruses (AdV) are related to respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in animals and human beings. Their wide genetic diversity in water bodies and their resistance to environmental conditions allow the use of AdV as a reliable marker for detection of fecal contamination. In this work, the diversity of AdV along Belo Stream – in the city of Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – was ...

Nov. 3, 2017

By IWA Publishing

Prospective epidemiological pilot study on the morbidity of bathers exposed to tropical recreational waters and sand

A prospective cohort epidemiological pilot study was performed at three tropical beaches with point- and non-point-sources of fecal pollution to characterize the risk of illness among swimmers and non-swimmers. There was an increased risk of illness in swimmers as compared to non-swimmers, even when waters met current microbial standards for recreational water quality. Illnesses included ...

Jun. 18, 2014

By IWA Publishing

The green alga, cladophora, promotes escherichia coli growth and contamination of recreational waters in Lake Michigan

Received for publication April 24, 2009. A linkage between Cladophora mats and exceedances of recreational water quality criteria has been suggested, but not directly studied. This study investigates the spatial and temporal association between Escherichia coli concentrations within and near Cladophora mats at two northwestern Lake Michigan beaches in Door County, Wisconsin. Escherichia coli ...

Jan. 1, 2010

By Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Fecal Indicator Bacteria: Implications for the Application of MST Methodologies to Differentiate Sources of Fecal Contamination

Temporal variability in the gastrointestinal flora of animals impacting water resources with fecal material can be one of the factors producing low source identification rates when applying microbial source tracking (MST) methods. Understanding how bacterial species and genotypes vary over time is highly relevant when the fecal material used to create a source library is collected under very ...

Sep. 1, 2005

By US EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting <italic>Aeromonas</italic>, <italic>Enterobacter</italic>, and <italic>Klebsiella</italic> in water and association with contamination sources in Thailand

Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella in water and association with contamination sources in Thailand

The co-residence of bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts in humans, animals, and environmental sources directed the use of bacteriophages to track the origins of the pathogenic bacteria that can be found in contaminated water. The objective of this study was to enumerate bacteriophages of Aeromonas caviae (AecaKS148), Enterobacter sp. (EnspKS513), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KlpnKS648) in ...

Jun. 8, 2015

By IWA Publishing

A comparative study of culture-independent, library-independent genotypic methods of fecal source tracking

Untitled Document Culture-independent fecal source tracking methods have many potential advantages over library-dependent, isolate-culture methods, but they have been subjected to limited testing. The purpose of this study was to compare culture-independent, library-independent methods of fecal source tracking. Five laboratories analysed identical sets of aqueous samples that ...

Jan. 1, 2003

By Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority (SCCWRP)

<italic>Cladophora</italic> in the Great Lakes: impacts on beach water quality and human health

Cladophora in the Great Lakes: impacts on beach water quality and human health

Cladophora in the Great Lakes grows rapidly during the warm summer months, detaches, and becomes free-floating mats as a result of environmental conditions, eventually becoming stranded on recreational beaches. Cladophora provides protection and nutrients, which allow enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, enterococci, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella to persist and potentially regrow ...

Jul. 1, 2010

By IWA Publishing

Source identification of fecal contamination in the canals in Bangkok using fecal sterol compounds

This study aims to apply fecal sterols as a chemical indicator to track feces contamination sources in the canals in Bangkok. The sewage and canal sediments were examined during the dry season. Fecal sterols in the canals were evaluated over a one-year period (2011–2012) for the selected sterol compounds. Several factors including season, canal water levels, rainfall data, and sewage were ...

Feb. 6, 2016

By IWA Publishing

Comparative microbial source tracking methods for identification of fecal contamination sources at Sunnyside Beach in the Toronto region area of concern

Several beaches within the Toronto region area of concern have persistent issues with fecal contamination, causing a beach beneficial use impairment (BUI). In this study, Escherichia coli, including ampicillin-resistant strains, were enumerated via culturable and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods. Microbial source tracking (MST) markers (for general Bacteroidales, human, ...

Apr. 7, 2016

By IWA Publishing

Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal–oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and ...

Sep. 25, 2014

By IWA Publishing

Risk factors and monitoring for water quality to determine best management practices for splash parks

Splash parks have been associated with infectious disease outbreaks as a result of exposure to poor water quality. To be able to protect public health, risk factors were identified that determine poor water quality. Samples were taken at seven splash parks where operators were willing to participate in the study. Higher concentrations of Escherichia coli were measured in water of splash parks ...

Sep. 25, 2014

By IWA Publishing

Microbial Water Quality and Influences of Fecal Accumulation from a Dog Exercise Area

The risk of water contamination by fecal bacteria may be increased if a watershed includes areas where feces accumulate as a result of specific land uses, such as areas where owners frequently exercise dogs. This study examined the effects of a year-round dog exercise area in the Burke Creek Recreational Area (BCRA) in the arid alpine environment of Stateline, Nevada. Burke Creek drains a small, ...

Nov. 1, 2008

By National Environmental Health Association (NEHA)