fecal contamination Articles
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Hydrodynamic modelling and forecasting of microbial water quality in a drinking water source
Faecal contamination often enters drinking water sources through emergency discharges, which occur as a result of technical malfunctions or a hydraulic overload of the sewer system during periods of heavy rain. In October–November 2012, several emergency discharges entered Lake Rådasjön – a drinking water source for Gothenburg, Sweden. To describe and forecast the ...
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Model evaluation of faecal contamination in coastal areas affected by urban rivers receiving combined sewer overflows
Odaiba seaside park is one of the most popular waterfronts in Tokyo Bay, but is easily affected by wet weather pollutant loads through combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The monitoring data of Escherichia coli clearly showed high faecal contamination after a rainfall event on 9–11 November 2007. We estimated the amounts of discharge volume and E. coli pollutant loads of urban rivers ...
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Hand-pumps as reservoirs for microbial contamination of well water
The retention and release of total coliforms and Escherichia coli was investigated in hand-pumps removed from tubewells tapping a faecally contaminated aquifer in Matlab, Bangladesh, and from a new hand-pump deliberately spiked with E. coli. All hand-pumps were connected to reservoirs of sterile water and flushed. Faecal coliforms were observed in the discharge from all three of the previously ...
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Inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water supplies in urban areas: the case of Lilongwe, Malawi
Over past decades strategies for improving access to drinking water in cities of the Global South have mainly focused on increasing coverage, while water quality has often been overlooked. This paper focuses on drinking water quality in the centralized water supply network of Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. It shows how microbial contamination of drinking water is unequally distributed to ...
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Library-dependent and library-independent microbial source tracking to identify spatial variation in faecal contamination sources along a Lake Ontario beach (Ontario, Canada)
Multiple microbial source tracking methods were applied to investigate spatial variation in faecal pollution sources impacting a 1.7 km freshwater beach on Lake Ontario (Canada). The highest E. coli concentrations measured in the study area were from interstitial sand pore water at Sunnyside Beach, reaching 2.6 × 106 CFU/100 ml. These E. coli concentrations exceeded those in the nearby Humber ...
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SMF4 case study 2
Sewer Misconnection Survey Date: March 2010 Location: Edgebaston Birmingham UK Purpose: To test the application of the SMF4 portable fluorimeter in the detection and quantification of organic pollution from faecal matter in Surface water Sewers. Background STS was invited independently by the Environment Agency and Severn Trent water to carry out a series of monitoring operations in an ...
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Sewer Misconnection Survey - Birmingham UK - Case Study
Background STS was invited independently by the Environment Agency and Severn Trent water to carry out a series of monitoring operations in an area which had a history of issues arising from the misconnection of waste water into a “clean” surface water sewer system. Traditionally surveys of this type are carried out using contractors who are tasked to lift manhole covers along a ...
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Land application of sewage sludge (biosolids) in Australia: risks to the environment and food crops
Australia is a large exporter of agricultural products, with producers responsible for a range of quality assurance programs to ensure that food crops are free from various contaminants of detriment to human health. Large volumes of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), although low by world standards, are increasingly being recycled to land, primarily to replace plant nutrients and to improve soil ...
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Bacteriological quality of drinking water at point of use and hand hygiene of primary food preparers: implications for household food safety
Quality of water for consumption and food processing activities is universally accepted as an essential component to ensure food safety at household (HH) level. Along with safe water, hand hygiene is also an important factor for reducing diarrheal illnesses. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural and urban HHs to detect hygiene indicators in drinking water samples at point of use ...
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Integrated conceptual modelling of faecal contamination in an urban estuary catchment
Urban stormwater is regarded as a key input of faecal contamination in receiving water bodies and therefore, a major concern for health risks associated with aquatic recreation. Wastewater leakages, cross connections and overflows, together with faeces washed from surfaces during rainfall events, are possible origins of faecal contamination which enter these water bodies through stormwater ...
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Occurrence of water-borne enteric viruses in two settlements based in Eastern Chad: analysis of hepatitis E virus, hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus in water sources
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of water-borne acute hepatitis in areas with poor sanitation. In 2004 an outbreak of HEV infection affected around 2,000 people in Eastern Chad (Dar Sila). This paper describes the decrease in the incidence of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) from 2004 until 2009 when a mean incidence of 0.48 cases/1,000 people/year was recorded in the region. Outbreaks of ...
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Molecular characterisation of hepatitis A virus strains from water sources in South Africa
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains found in selected South African (SA) surface waters were characterised to establish what HAV types are circulating in the environment, thus reflecting circulation in the surrounding communities. Surface water samples used for irrigation or domestic purposes, and water samples from the outflow of wastewater plants were collected from six provinces. Viruses were ...
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Assessment of source tracking methods for application in spring water
For discriminating between human and animal faecal contamination in water, microbial source tracking (MST) approaches using different indicators have been employed. In the current study, a range of 10 such MST indicators described in the scientific literature were comparatively assessed. Bacteriophages infecting host strains of Bacteroides (GA-17, GB-124 and ARABA 84) as well as ...
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Modeling and evaluation of compliance to water quality regulations in bathing areas on the Daoulas catchment and estuary (France)
The microbiological quality of waters in estuaries determines their acceptability for recreational uses. Microbiological contamination often results from urban wastewater discharges or non-point source pollution (manure spreading), and can cause bathing zones to be closed. European regulations (EC/7/2006) have proposed standards (500 E. coli/100 ml) for the acceptability areas for bathing. In ...
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Identification of pathogen bacteria and protozoa in treated urban wastewaters discharged in the Ebro River (Spain): water reuse possibilities
The aim of this research work is to identify the presence of pathogens, bacteria and protozoa, in different treated urban wastewaters and to relate biological pollution with the processes used in wastewater treatment plants. A study of the possibilities for water reuse is carried out taking into account bacterial and parasite composition. The analysed bacteria and protozoa are: Enterococcus ...
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Microbiological water quality of the Nišava River
Microorganisms are the ideal indicators of the organic pollution of the surface waters because of their ability to promptly respond to environmental changes. Due to poor economic situation and lack of law implementation, most wastewaters in Serbia are released directly into a surface water recipient without any, or a limited, treatment. This practice has created numerous highly polluted ...
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Detection of Giardia intestinalis in water samples collected from natural water reservoirs and wells in northern and north-eastern Poland using LAMP, real-time PCR and nested PCR
Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite, transmitted to humans and animals by the faecal–oral route, mainly through contaminated water and food. Knowledge about the distribution of this parasite in surface water in Poland is fragmentary and incomplete. Accordingly, 36 environmental water samples taken from surface water reservoirs and wells were collected in Pomerania and ...
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Norwegian study on microbial source tracking for water quality control and pollution removal in constructed wetland treating catchment run-off
This study describes the first Norwegian microbial source tracking (MST) approach for water quality control and pollution removal from catchment run-off in a nature-based treatment system (NBTS) with a constructed wetland. The applied MST tools combined microbial analyses and molecular tests to detect and define the source(s) and dominant origin(s) of faecal water contamination. Faecal ...
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Meat Processing Plants Discharging Wastewater Beyond Permitted Levels
Meat processing plants often produce a high-BOD effluent that’s difficult to treat. Decentralized treatment and waste-to-energy can be effective in reducing harmful effluent According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 74 of 98 large meat processing facilities that discharged their wastewater into streams and rivers overshot their permitted volumes between 2016 and ...
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Water Contaminants and Their Treatment
Because many water contaminants are invisible and odorless, samples should be tested to determine a treatment plan. Many steps may be necessary to make water potable Many traditional sources of fresh water, both surface water and groundwater, may carry visible and invisible contaminants that make it unsuitable for consumption. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established Guidelines for ...
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