Giardia Articles
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Kinesin-13 regulates flagellar, interphase, and mitotic microtubule dynamics in giardia intestinalis
Microtubule depolymerization dynamics in the spindle are regulated by kinesin-13, a nonprocessive kinesin motor protein that depolymerizes microtubules at the plus and minus ends. Here we show that a single kinesin-13 homolog regulates flagellar length dynamics, as well as other interphase and mitotic dynamics in Giardia intestinalis, a widespread parasitic diplomonad protist. Both green ...
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A method for incorporating a time-dose-response model into a Giardia lamblia outbreak
Experimental time-to-infection data is a useful, but often underutilized, material for examining the mechanics of in vivo pathogen growth. In this paper, the authors attempt to incorporate a time-dose-response (TDR) equation into a model which predicts the number of ill persons per day in a Giardia lamblia epidemic using data collected from a Pittsfield, Massachusetts outbreak. To this end, ...
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Occurrence and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at the Goreangab reclamation plant
This paper deals with the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the water sources available for the Goreangab Reclamation Plant (GRP) and the subsequent removal during treatment at the reclamation plant. Giardia is detected more often than Cryptosporidium. 60% of the time it is detected in the samples from the dam and in 55% of the samples from the maturation pond effluent. During the ...
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Immunomagnetic separation study applied to detection of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in water samples
In this work we studied the IMS purification comparing acid (n = 12) and heat (n = 12) dissociation procedures and investigated the possible losses of target organism in this step. Reagent water samples were directly inoculated with Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (BTF Easy Seed™). Acid dissociation showed higher mean recovery efficiency and precision than heat ...
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Waterborne transmission of
Giardia andCryptosporidium at river beaches in Southern Europe (Portugal)Giardia and Cryptosporidium are the most frequent enteric protozoa causing gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Intense recreational activity at Portuguese river beaches triggered the opportunity for a 2-year seasonal survey of 19 large river basin beaches. A total of 74 samples were collected and processed according to USEPA Method 1623 to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts. Faecal ...
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Recently planted vegetation strips reduce Giardia runoff reaching waterways
Current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into surrounding waterways via runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. No studies have investigated how Giardia in farm runoff moves across the landscape, despite high prevalence rates in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) worldwide. Here, we report the development of a field-based tracking ...
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Relationships between the occurrence of
Giardia andCryptosporidium and physicochemical properties of marine waters of the Pacific Coast of MexicoUntreated sewage has adversely affected the quality of marine recreational waters worldwide. Exposure to marine recreational water with poor microbial quality may pose a threat to bathers. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of physicochemical parameters on Cryptosporidium and Giardia presence in marine recreational water of Sinaloa, Mexico, by Logistic Regression Analyses. ...
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Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Muskrats in Northeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey
Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are intestinal parasites that affect humans and animals throughout the world. Although infection with Giardia spp. is usually self-limiting, some cases result in mild to severe enteritis. Giardiasis can be treated with modern drugs. The increasing incidence of well-documented outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis has resulted in a growing awareness of the danger of ...
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Using native riparian barriers to reduce
Giardia in agricultural runoff to freshwater ecosystemsWaterway degradation in agricultural settings is caused by direct and diffuse sources of pollution. Waterway fencing focuses on reducing direct faecal contamination, but the extent to which it reduces overland surface runoff of pathogens is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of four riparian treatments to reduce Giardia in saturation excess surface runoff entering the waterway. Treatment ...
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Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas
The protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium have been described as important waterborne disease pathogens, and are associated with severe gastrointestinal illnesses. The objective of this paper was to investigate the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples from watershed catchments and treated water sources. A total of 25 water samples were collected and examined ...
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Isolation and identification of freshwater bacteria antagonistic to Giardia intestinalis cysts
ABSTRACTWe have isolated three freshwater bacterial strains that demonstrate the ability to degrade Giardia intestinalis cysts. These strains have been identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as belonging to the Flavobacterium columnare clade of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group. While the cyst degradation mechanism is unclear, two different effects on the cysts were ...
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Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants
The concentrations and removal of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microbial indicators, including somatic coliphages and fecal coliforms were investigated through the wastewater treatment processes at three municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cryptosporidium in untreated wastewater, primary treatment effluent, secondary ...
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Determining potential indicators of
Cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment processMost research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. In this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal ...
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Comparison of three methods to concentrate
Giardia cysts andCryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking watersIn this study, three methods commercialized by Pall (Envirochek HV), Idexx (FiltaMax) and Whatman (Cryptest) to concentrate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking waters were compared according to the EPA standard protocol. Twenty litres of surface and 100 litres of drinking waters were inoculated with 103 (oo)cysts before being concentrated by filtration. Our results ...
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of extreme weather events and other weather-related variables on
Cryptosporidium andGiardia in fresh surface watersGlobal climate change is expected to impact drinking water quality through multiple weather-related phenomena. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between various weather-related variables and the occurrence and concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh surface waters. We implemented a comprehensive search in four databases, screened 1,228 unique ...
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Detection of Giardia intestinalis in water samples collected from natural water reservoirs and wells in northern and north-eastern Poland using LAMP, real-time PCR and nested PCR
Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite, transmitted to humans and animals by the faecal–oral route, mainly through contaminated water and food. Knowledge about the distribution of this parasite in surface water in Poland is fragmentary and incomplete. Accordingly, 36 environmental water samples taken from surface water reservoirs and wells were collected in Pomerania and ...
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Cryptosporidium spp. andGiardia spp. in surface water supply of Campinas, Southeast BrazilSurface water contaminated by domestic sewage discharges is a potential source of pathogens, including protozoa. During 2005–2006, the source water (Atibaia River) of the Surface Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil was sampled to obtain an assessment of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations. Calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF) and membrane filtration ...
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USEPA Method 1623 and 1623.1
Introduction Cryptosporidium spp. and Giar-dia intestinaiis are well-known waterborne pathogens that have caused disease outbreaks around the globe. The 1993 outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee and subsequent outbreaks have stimulated research regarding the occurrence and behavior of these pathogens in natural waters. Substantial research efforts have been expended to identify factors ...
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Assessment of molecular methods as a tool for detecting pathogenic protozoa isolated from water bodies
Several species belong to the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genus, the main parasitic protozoa occurring in water, but only some of them are infectious to humans. We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and identified their species in the water samples collected from natural water bodies in north-western Poland. A total of 600 samples from water bodies used for bathing, ...
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Estimating the risk from sewage treatment plant effluent in the Sydney catchment area
This study employed Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the gastrointestinal risks associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia discharged from three STPs located within the Lake Burragorang catchment. The QMRA considered baseline and various hazardous event scenarios (e.g. plant failure and heavy rainfall). Under baseline conditions, the combined effect of constructed ...
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