hydrographic Articles
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Insights gained from four component hydrograph separation
Traditional hydrograph separation techniques split an observed storm hydrograph into two main components representing ‘storm runoff’ and ‘baseflow’. In this paper a new separation technique is described which makes an initial split into two main components, quickflow and slowflow, which are each then subsequently split into two further subcomponents. The resulting procedure is termed the ...
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Evaluating the adequateness of kinematic-wave routing for flood forecasting in midstream channel reaches of Taiwan
An efficient flood forecasting system can provide useful advance information for evacuating people in order to mitigate potential disaster. In Taiwan, a kinematic-wave approximation of the full dynamic-wave equations is usually adopted in upstream and midstream steep channel reaches to avoid numerical instability when performing a flood forecast. Although the kinematic-wave approximation does ...
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Sub-seasonal to interannual variations of sea surface temperature, salinity, oxygen anomaly, and transmissivity in Santa Monica Bay, California from 1987 to 1997
While the basic hydrographic and circulation pattern of Santa Monica Bay (SMB) are relatively well known, the seasonal and interannual variations of these patterns are not well established nor are the mechanisms behind them well understood. We analyzed 10 years of hydrographic observations (1987–1997) in the surface layer of SMB off southern California to establish the mean seasonal ...
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A generalized concentration curve (GCC) method for storm flow hydrograph prediction in a conceptual linear reservoir-channel cascade
The unit hydrograph (UH) is a hydrological tool that represents the unit response of a watershed to a unit input of rainfall. UH models based on lumped reservoir and channel conceptual cascade assume that rainfall is evenly distributed, thus limiting the use of UHs to relatively small watersheds of less than around 500 km2 in area. In this paper, a new hydrograph prediction method, named the ...
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Evaluation of approaches for estimation of rainfall and the unit hydrograph
The impact of rainfall interpolation techniques and unit hydrograph estimation has been explored for four gauged locations in the Brahmani basin in east India. The use of ground-based and satellite-based data, coupled with testing two interpolation techniques (Thiessen polygon and inverse distance weighting), can yield improved rainfall estimates and fits to observed flows. Due to the presence of ...
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Derived flood frequency distribution and sensitivity analysis to variations in model parameters
In this paper we propose a new derived flood frequency distribution approach using the Nash instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) as the catchment's response model and analyze the sensitivity of flood frequency distributions to variations in the model parameters. We analyzed the effect of applying the Nash IUH to estimate peak flows in two basins in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). For the ...
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A comparative study of different objective functions to improve the flood forecasting accuracy
In the calibration of flood forecasting models, different objective functions and their combinations could lead to different simulation results and affect the flood forecast accuracy. In this paper, the Xinanjiang model was chosen as the flood forecasting model and shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm was used to calibrate the model. The performance of different objective functions ...
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Comparing influence of combinations of precipitation loss and rainfall excess-runoff transform models to flood flow rate in a flatland watershed
Hydrologists can use many different precipitation loss rate functions and rainfall-excess transform techniques to develop watershed runoff hydrographs. For the most part, they can apply the loss and transform approaches in nearly any combination. To evaluate some of the many possible groupings, we formed a matrix of three commonly used precipitation loss rate models and three rainfall-excess ...
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The solution to DEM resolution effects and parameter inconsistency by using scale-invariant TOPMODEL
The parameter calibration of TOPMODEL is influenced by digital elevation model (DEM) resolution because of the utilization of scale-dependent topographic index representing hydrologic similarity. The downscaled DEM from the coarse-resolution DEM and the resolution factor are applied to remove the DEM scale effects on the upslope area. Meanwhile, a fractal method is introduced as an approach to ...
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Exponential data fitting applied to infiltration, hydrograph separation, and variogram fitting
Most lumped rainfall-runoff models separate the interflow and groundwater components from the measured runoff hydrograph in an attempt to model these as hydrologic reservoir units. Similarly, rainfall losses due to infiltration as well as other abstractions are separated from the measured rainfall hyetograph, which are then used as inputs to the various hydrologic reservoir units. This data ...
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Extreme rainfall statistics in the Marche region, Italy
A statistical analysis of the rainfalls is carried out for detecting a possible trend in the observed data. The rainfall dataset refers to the historical series collected in the hydrographic basins of the Marche region. On the one hand, the annual maximum daily, hourly and sub-hourly rainfalls have been analysed, on the other hand Climate Change Indices by Expert Team on Climate Change ...
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Temporal variability of two contrasting transient pollution events in a pastoral stream
Two transient pollution events were monitored in a pastoral stream in southwestern Kenya to evaluate their relative contribution to diffuse pollution. Peak loads of pollutants during storm-induced transients were within 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than the short-lived (30–60 minutes) diurnal episodes provoked by in-stream activities of people and livestock. Transient yields were striking ...
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Streamflow prediction in ungauged basins through geomorphology-based hydrograph transposition
Geomorphology-based rainfall–runoff models are particularly helpful for predicting hydrology in ungauged basins. The robustness, generality and flexibility of the modelling approach make it able to deal with a wide variety of processes, events and scales. It allows a rainfall–runoff transfer function to be estimated for any basin without needing to measure discharge. The aim of ...
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Flood characterisation of the Haor region of Bangladesh using flood index
The paper presents the flood characterisation of the Haor region in the north-east of Bangladesh. The region consists of a system of Haors, each of which is a saucer-shaped depression and interconnected by a river system. A portion of the Haor area, known as the deeply flooded area, consisting of about 15 Haors, was chosen as the study area. A 1D2D model, with one-dimensional model for the ...
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Real-time flood stage forecasting by Variable Parameter Muskingum Stage hydrograph routing method
The application of a Variable Parameter Muskingum Stage (VPMS) hydrograph routing method for real-time flood forecasting at a river gauging site is demonstrated in this study. The forecast error is estimated using a two-parameter linear autoregressive model with its parameters updated at every routing time interval of 30 minutes at which the stage observations are made. This hydrometric ...
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Comparison of Different Hydrograph Routing Techniques in XPSTORM Modelling Software
Abstract - A variety of routing techniques are available to develop surface runoff hydrographs from rainfall. The selection of runoff routing method is very vital as it is directly related to the type of watershed and the required degree of accuracy. There are different modelling softwares available to explore the rainfall-runoff process in urban areas. XPSTORM, a link-node based, integrated ...
By Innovyze
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Implementation and testing of routing algorithms in the distributed Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model for mountainous catchments
The main purpose of this study was to implement and test routing algorithms in the distributed Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model with the emphasis of obtaining a most suitable routing algorithm for large mountainous catchments. Two routing algorithms were built into the grid-based HBV model and tested on the Losna (11,213 km2) and the Norsfoss (18,932 km2) catchments ...
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Contribution of glacial melt to river runoff as determined by stable isotopes at the source region of the Yangtze River, China
The primary objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of glacial melt to total runoff in the Gaerqu River catchment, which is located in the source region of the Yangtze River, China. The isotope hydrograph separation method was used to separate glacier melt runoff from total runoff in the catchment. The degree-day method was used to investigate temporal variations in glacial ...
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Evaluating the cumulative rainfall deviation approach for projecting groundwater levels under future climate
In south-western Australia (SWA) groundwater levels have been declining under the changing climate associated with a decline of rainfall. Possible future groundwater yields in SWA have been estimated under a range of climate change scenarios using a number of numerical groundwater models. For the Northern Perth Basin (NPB) in SWA, where no groundwater models were available, a relatively simple ...
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Project - Sice / Chebro - Contamination alert of aquifer by lindane
CUSTOMER: SICE USER: Ebro Hydrographic Confederation (Spain) LOCATION: Sabiñánigo, Huesca ENVIRONMENT: Mountain area YEAR: 2017 The Ebro Hydrographic Confederation (Spain) needed to detect contamination episodes in a river due to the dumping of lindane in a mountain ...
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