kyoto protocol Articles
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Suspension of eligibility to use of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms: A review of substantive issues (Part 1)
The aim of this paper is to examine in detail the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, providing an insight into the rules for participation in the market created by the mechanisms, the operation of the mechanisms, and the effects of non-compliance with the applicable legal provisions. It examines the substantive legal provisions regulating eligibility to participate in the market mechanisms of the ...
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Climate change negotiations: an analysis of the Kyoto Protocol
This article gives a detailed legal analysis of the Kyoto Protocol's key provisions. The analysis includes a presentation of the negotiations' historical, institutional and political context, and of the positions of the different players. It describes the future challenges relating to the implementation of the Protocol and its possible strengthening.Keywords: climate change, implementation ...
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Suspension of Eligibility to Use of the Kyoto Flexible Mechanisms: A Review of Substantive Issues (Part 2)
This article assesses a vital aspect of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: the rules governing participation in the carbon market created by these mechanisms, and the effects of non-compliance with applicable legal provisions. Part one of this two-part article described the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol with a view to rules on market access, participation and eligibility. ...
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The Carbon Market and the Post-2012 Climate Regime: Key Legal Scenarios
Less then six months before Copenhagen, even the broad outline of the post-2012 legal framework remains undecided. The reasons for this are both political and procedural. Legal issues are politically highly sensitive – this is the main reason why they have not been clarified earlier. Procedurally, negotiations are proceeding on two separate “tracks,” one under the Kyoto Protocol and another one ...
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Main issues related to CDM: a developing country perspective
Four years after the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, issues related to operationalising CDM are yet to be resolved. This paper presents the debate on key CDM issues, namely, those of baselines, additionality, supplementarity, application of the sustainable development criteria and the inclusion of sinks as CDM projects. CDM is compared with other flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol. ...
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Paving the road to legitimacy for CDM institutions and procedures
The Clean Development Mechanism operates on a multilevel and constantly evolving normative basis. It was established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol and has evolved in light of decisions adopted at further Conferences of the Parties and through the delegation of action to another level of regulation, i.e., the CDM Executive Board and its Panels and Working Groups. The uncertainty regarding ...
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On the potential of flexible instruments under the Kyoto Protocol
This paper analyses the potential market for project-based international cooperation within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. With the help of existing cost data, it is shown that the scope for cost savings by using the project-based flexible instruments of the Protocol is considerable, and that a multi-billion dollar carbon credit market can emerge.Keywords: clean development mechanism, ...
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Kyoto and technology at the European Union: costs of emission reduction under flexibility mechanisms and technology progress
This paper presents the analysis of the consequences of CO2 emission reduction policies, as derived, in a European Union perspective, from the Kyoto Protocol for the 2010 horizon. The first section provides a thorough assessment, based on the PRIMES model results, of the marginal and total costs of compliance to the Kyoto Protocol for a "no trading" case and for two cases of emission trading, ...
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Soft or tough guys in Kyoto? Free-rider incentives and the Samaritan's Dilemma
One crucial precondition for the overall achievement of the Kyoto Protocol by 2010 is the participation of the USA. According to political economy theory, big countries have the strongest incentives to provide global collective good provisions. Reality, however, does not seem to follow this logic, as the USA dropped out in The Hague (2000). One main argument for the USA to drop out was the risk ...
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Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections 2005
Projections show that the pre-2004 EU Member States (EU-15) could cut their total emissions to 9.3% below 1990 levels by 2010 with a combination of existing domestic policies and measures already implemented, additional policies and measures currently being planned and the use of credits from emissions-saving projects in third countries through the Kyoto Protocol's 'flexible mechanisms'. Thus the ...
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Kyoto mistakes
The Kyoto Protocol conflicts with a rational view of what short-term climate policy should achieve. Chosen emission reduction targets conflict with individual and social interests, and will therefore be hard to reach. Possibilities to cheat on the agreement are plentiful. Methane emission reduction may help to meet the short-term aims, but does not contribute to the ultimate objective.Keywords: ...
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The European Community`s initial report under the Kyoto Protocol
This EEA report constitutes the main part of the European Community's submission of its initial report to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report establishes the assigned amount for the European Community (EU-15), and demonstrates its capacity to account for its emissions and assigned amount for the first commitment period under the Kyoto ...
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The language of flexibility and the flexibility of language
Flexibility instruments such as joint implementation and emissions trading have played an important part in climate change policy negotiations since before the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. They are likely to remain an important feature of future negotiations. This paper examines the characteristics of the various flexibility mechanisms introduced by the Kyoto Protocol. ...
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Eco Justice
It has been over five years since Canada ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and we’re still arguing over how to fulfill our commitments. Although the federal government’s lack of action with regards to Kyoto has become more controversial since the Conservatives took office, leading to widespread criticism of Canada’s stance at the most recent Conference of the Parties in Bali, we’ve never had a ...
By Actual Media
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Climate negotiations from 1992 to 2011: changing issues and new stakes
This paper describes the main stages of the climate negotiations since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. After recalling the main components of the Kyoto Protocol, it describes the stakes in the discussions for developing countries as well as the increasing importance taken by these countries. It finally explains how the logic of binding commitments to reduce emissions, which was at the core of ...
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Climate, a crossroads negotiation
Conscious for 30 years of the prospect of climatic reheating and the harsh changes associated with it, the international community has tried to set up a world climatic architecture likely to slow down and contain, at acceptable levels, the foreseeable evolution. A stack of agreements (Rio 92, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen and Cancun Summits) resulted from these international negotiations, mixing ...
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Annual European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2003 and inventory report 2005
Untitled Document The European Community (EC), as a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reports annually on greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories within the area covered by its Member States. This year the scope of the report has been extended to the new Member States due to the enlargement of the EC. The legal basis of the ...
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Climate change and disasters: issues and measures for developing countries (a case of India)
The ecosystem, all over the world, is under severe stress because of unprecedented population growth and increase in economic activity, which have pushed the world to limits that it could not handle. The cost of inaction, that is the business-as-usual path, could be huge and in fact, globally destabilising. The likely effect of inaction is global warming, which will affect food production, access ...
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Institutional Mechanisms to Address the AAU Reserves in a Post-2012 Agreement
Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and some other countries will have large surpluses of Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). This is likely to emerge as one of the central challenges during the post-2012 negotiations. This article proposes a mechanism for addressing the issue through an International AAU Reserve Fund that would facilitate ...
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Kyoto and technology at world level: costs of CO2 reduction under flexibility mechanisms and technical progress
This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the consequences of CO2 emission reduction policies, as deriving, in a world perspective, from the Kyoto Protocol for the 2010 horizon. The basic methodological principles for the assessment of the Marginal Abatement Costs and for the quantification of the economic "gains from trade" in flexibility mechanisms are first presented in Section 2. Section 3 ...
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