marine pollution Articles
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Environmental problems in Russia affecting the Black and Baltic Seas
This paper addresses problems of marine environment protection in Russia, with an emphasis on the legislative and institutional basis for protecting the seas from oil pollution. The status of the Black and Baltic Seas is described, together with the relevant technical, organisational, and economic elements. As an example of a comprehensive approach for tackling the problems under consideration, ...
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A dynamic model of optimal reduction of marine oil pollution
This paper proposes a system of dynamic models to describe the interactive behaviour of different agents (polluters, inspectors, and a principal pollution control agency) involved in the processes of marine oil pollution and of its prevention and purification, under some realistic assumptions. In particular, short- and long-term economic responses of polluters to monitoring efforts, as well as ...
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Choice of biotests and bioindicators for evaluation of the quality of the marine environment
Approaches to the analysis of marine environmental conditions using the embryos, larvae and juveniles of marine invertebrates are discussed. A general approach to the choice of biotests and bioindicators is described.Keywords: bioindicator, biotest, cadmium, chiton, copper, detergent, marine (sea) pollution, sea urchin, ...
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Ocean Acidification: A Litmus Test for International Law
Ocean acidification, the changing chemistry of the oceans as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, is caused by the atmospheric pollutant that is also the main driver of anthropogenic climate change, having effects on the marine environment as serious as other pollutants entering the oceans. However there is no discernible pressure for a new regime to address the ...
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Stochastic models of oil spill processes
This paper models the occurrence of an environmental accident as a stochastic event. In particular, the situation of an oil spill is explored. Characteristics of the ship operator, and the different types of the ship's operating environment determine a stochastic process governing the time patterns and size of spills. It is shown that both the time distribution of different types of oil spill and ...
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Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant
Abstract Synthetic organic polymers—or plastics—did not enter widespread use until the 1950s. By 2015, global production had increased to 322 million metric tons (Mt) year−1, which approaches the total weight of the human population produced in plastic every year. Approximately half is used for packaging and other disposables, 40% of plastic waste is not accounted for in ...
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Organotin compounds in sediments of three coastal environments from the Patagonian shore, Argentina
One of the most toxic compounds that have been introduced into the marine environment is Tributyltin (TBT) used as a biocide in antifouling paints. The aim of this study was to obtain the first information of TBT pollution in sediments of three environments of the Argentinean coastline. Sediments from the Bahia Blanca estuary, San Antonio Bay and Ushuaia Bay were sampled to determine TBT and ...
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Trans-boundary marine oil pollution and its international legal aspects
Marine pollution control is a sensitive topic, which has gained importance recently due to crude oil spills which in turn has led to many recent international legal developments. This paper examines the effectiveness of international marine laws in imputing liability and calculating damages where more than one nation is affected. The main international agreements covering the international marine ...
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Empirical data and optimal monitoring policies: the case of four Russian sea harbours
In this paper, we describe the present state of empirical information about oil spills and oil monitoring activities in Russian harbours. We explain how we gathered, organised, and estimated the data needed to run the monitoring efforts optimisation model of Deissenberg et al. (2001). We present, analyse, and discuss the results of the optimisations carried out with this model on the basis of the ...
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Plastics, Marpol and Circular Economy: Prevention of Marine Plastic Pollution
Large ships, offshore platforms and poor land waste management, cause much of the marine pollution. Proper action is needed to solve this problem, starting with the correct use of technologies such as industrial shredders There are now regular reports of marine plastic pollution. One of the most recent cases to arouse public opinion was the discovery of a plastic bag in the Mariana trench, one ...
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A gene to organism approach – assessing the impact of environmental pollution in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) females and larvae
A broad biomarker approach was applied to study the effects of marine pollution along the Swedish west coast using the teleost eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) as the sentinel species. Measurements were performed on different biological levels from molecular to organismal, including measurements of mRNA, proteins, cellular and tissue changes, as well as reproductive success. Results revealed that ...
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Measurement of TOC in High-Salt Sample
The quantity of organic matter in seawater is important in the research and monitoring of marine pollution as an indicator of organic pollution. The salt content in seawater is typically about 3.5 %, but using the Shimadzu total organic carbon analyzer, it is possible to measure the TOC directly without dilution or other pretreatment procedures. Here, we introduce an example of measurement of ...
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An empirically tractable model of optimal oil spills prevention in Russian sea harbours
Based on previous theoretical work by Gottinger (1997, 1998), we propose a simple model of optimal monitoring of oil-related activities in harbour areas that is suitable for empirical estimation within the Russian— Ukrainian context, in spite of the poor availability of data in these countries. Specifically, the model indicates how to best allocate at the steady state a given monitoring budget ...
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Spatiotemporal variation in benthic polychaetes (Annelida) and relationships with environmental variables in a tropical estuary
Annelida constitute a dominant functional component in soft-bottom macrobenthic communities and reveal a wide range of adaptability to different marine and coastal habitats. Analyses in different polychaete assemblages and their responses to habitat conditions reflect the biological effects of marine pollution and habitat disturbance. The present study is designed to study colonization and ...
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A statistical approach applied to trace metal data from biomonitoring studies
This work underlines the importance of the statistical procedures necessary for the significant assessment of analytical data of heavy metals derived from marine organisms (biomonitors) collected at five stations in Ustica at the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The statistical method described indicates that, where the differences among the averages of Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in the molluscs of the ...
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Marine pollution in Australia, with special emphasis on central New South Wales estuaries and adjacent continental margin
This paper reviews the current knowledge and environmental status of Australian estuaries and continental margins in terms of sedimentary heavy metals. Although only 2.5% of Australian estuaries and 0.1% of the adjacent continental shelf have been surveyed for sedimentary heavy metals, some of the most contaminated maritime areas in the world have been located in this country. The most ...
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Sub-seabed disposal of radioactive waste
This article considers two detailed reviews of the legal aspects of Sub-Seabed Disposal of Radioactive Waste, by Richard Macrory and Ray Purdy (January 2005) and the opinion of Christopher Katkowski Q.C. and Stephen Tromans, March 2005. In substance, both reviews conclude that for a sub-seabed repository accessed from land by tunnel, the relevant International Conventions, in particular the UN ...
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Characterising and identifying toxicants in marine waters: a review of marine toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs)
One impact of human activity is contamination of the world’s oceans with toxic pollutants. Marine toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) technology provides an approach for characterising and identifying the causes of toxicity in aqueous and sediment samples. This review describes the evolution and use of marine TIEs since their initial development approximately fifteen years ago. Currently, 30 ...
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Greece – Operational programme 2007-13: Environment and Sustainable Development
On 5 November 2007, the European Commission approved the operational programme 'Environment and Sustainable Development' in Greece for the period 2007-2013. This programme involves Community support through the ERDF for eight Greek regions under the 'Convergence' objective ('phasing out' regions are not included), and through the Cohesion Fund which intervenes all over the country including the ...
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What classifies as water pollution and why is it an issue?
The UN declared 2005-2015 as the International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’. Yet each day thousands of people still die as a result of contaminated water. This does not even take into account the millions of organisms that perish every year thank to polluted water sources. Water pollution is a huge issue that is made more so by the fact that unfortunately, water is easily ...
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