Working Group 1 of COST Action 710 investigated the use of meteorological pre-processors for short-range dispersion models for regulatory purposes. Two commonly used schemes for estimating boundary-layer fluxes from standard meteorological observations were intercompared using high latitude measurements from Sweden for spring/summer and winter conditions. Ground heat fluxes estimated with five ...
We compared solid and liquid precipitation mass output from three categories of common model precipitation phase determination schemes (PPDS) to the recorded precipitation phase in a set of 45 years of 3-hour manual meteorological observations from 19 Swedish meteorological stations. In the first category of rain/snow thresholds, it was found that rain/snow air temperature threshold (ATT) is a ...
A methodology is presented which can be used to determine atmospheric stability parameters in urban and remote areas where ground-based meteorological observations are not routinely available. The method resolves the surface energy balance by means of satellite remote sensing in an original way. Ground-based data from the FIFE experiment are used to validate parts of the methodology. Results are ...
The performance of two meteorological pre-processors, which calculate the surface fluxes of heat and momentum from routine meteorological observations, was studied during two winter months at high latitudes, characterised by low solar altitudes and snow-covered surfaces, i.e. high albedo values. This, together with low temperatures and low wind speeds, causes stable stratification (often with ...
Landscape air temperature thresholds (TA) and percent misclassified precipitation (error) for 12 years of meteorological observations from 40 stations across the Scandinavian Peninsula were derived and compared using both manual and geographic information system (GIS) landscape classification methods. Dew-point, wet-bulb, and wet bulb 0.5 were also tested. Both classification methods used the ...
Global warming results in shifts of mean temperature and precipitation, and also, in frequency and intensity changes of climate extremes. In this paper, temperature and precipitation extreme indices are analysed and compared for the Carpathian Basin (located in Central/Eastern Europe). For past trends, daily meteorological observations from the 20th century are used. In the case of future changes ...
Base Orcadas is an Argentine scientific research station in the Antarctica. It is located on Laurie Island, one of the South Orkney Islands (Spanish: Islas Orcadas del Sur), at 4 meters (13.1 ft) above sea level and 170 meters (558 ft) from the coastline and is the oldest one there which is still in operation. The nearest port is the Argentine city of Ushuaia, which is 1,502 km (933 mi) away. ...
In the last few decades, due to the potentially serious impacts upon the atmosphere, earth, and ocean the climate change issue become internationally disputable subject among many scientists including various specialists such as climatologists, atmospheric researchers, oceanographers, hydro–meteorologists, agriculturalists, in particular, local administrators in addition to politicians, as ...
Long before automated weather stations were available, weather and clouds were already observed visually by officially trained and certified meteorological observers. Today, there are still human observers active in many weather services around the globe. Observers look at the sky and estimate cloud fraction in octa and the height of the cloud base. This provides essential information for ...
An independent evaluation was conducted of four urban prediction models included in the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency's (DTRA) Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) (Version 4.0). This evaluation focused on comparing HPAC predictions with data obtained during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU03) field experiment in Oklahoma City. These models were run using a variety of meteorological ...
A simple two-layer model of convective planetary boundary layer (CPBL), consisting of a Surface Layer and an Ekman layer over it and developed in accordance with the similarity theory is used to obtain the vertical profiles of the temperature, wind velocity and the turbulent exchange coefficient in CPBL from the surface wind measurements and atmospheric stability data. As input to this model the ...
In the context of real time (online) decision support systems for nuclear installations, atmospheric dispersion and deposition has to be calculated for a mesoscale area. Typically, the wind field in this area is influenced by topography. Therefore, simple Gaussian type modelling is not appropriate. Initiated and funded by the Bundesamt fur Strahlenschutz, simple (diagnostic mass consistent) flow ...
Leeward air pollutant concentrations (C) are estimated by incorporating four parameterisations of traffic–produced turbulence (TPT) into the scaling of C inside a street canyon. Three parameterisations consider expressions previously introduced by other authors, based on a theoretical formulation of TPT and a semi–empirical approach already incorporated in an operational street model. The fourth ...
Background info There are 16 international civil airports in Ukraine. At the moment only 10 of them are in operation. A major modernization and restoration program for airports is currently underway in the country. This includes the construction of new runways and the reorganization of aviation weather services. In this context, all existing AWOS (Automated Airport Weather Stations) are due for ...
Most hydrological models apply one empirical formula based on surface air temperature for precipitation phase determination. This approach is flawed as surface precipitation phase results from energy exchanges between falling precipitation and air in the lower atmosphere. Different lower atmospheric conditions cause different precipitation phase probabilities for near-freezing temperatures. Often ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that CALPUFF be used as the preferred model for long-range transport analyses in the proposed “Guideline on Air Quality Modeling” (April 2000). In practice, CALPUFF has been routinely required by the Federal Land Managers (FLM), EPA, and state regulatory agencies for Class I area analyses for several years. These analyses include regional ...
The UK Met Office, a world leading provider of weather and climate services, currently operates a network of manual, automatic and semi-automatic meteorological observing sites at locations in the United Kingdom and overseas. The SCOPE-based Meteorological Monitoring System (MMS) created by Servelec Technologies for the Met Office provides a fully scalable, flexible, expandable system for ...
It is well known that the hydrodynamics of the Venice Lagoon is strongly dependent upon both tides and prevalent wind regimes, namely the Sirocco and the local wind Bora. However, while the effect of the Sirocco on the sea level has been an subject of a large number of experimental and theoretical studies because of its dramatic impact on Venice, less attention has been paid to the effect on the ...
ABSTRACT The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) Weather Information and Display System was used to provide meteorological and atmospheric modeling/consequence assessment support to state and local agencies after the collision of two Norfolk Southern freight trains on the morning of January 6, 2005. This collision resulted in the release of several toxic chemicals to the environment, ...
Synoptic observations of wind speed, direction, cloud cover, precipitation and temperature are inputs to regulatory dispersion modelling. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data generated by national meteorological services are easily formatted for dispersion models. Changing from observations to NWP data raises concerns amongst regulators and model users – how might impact assessments differ if ...