passive sampling Articles
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Passive sampling coupled to UV irradiation: A useful analytical approach for studying oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures
We investigated coupling passive sampling technologies with ultraviolet irradiation experiments to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (OPAH) transformation processes in real‐world bioavailable mixtures. Passive sampling device (PSD) extracts were obtained from coastal waters impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Superfund sites in Portland, OR. OPAHs were ...
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PERFORMANCE OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS FOR MONITORING ESTUARINE WATER COLUMN CONCENTRATIONS 2. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS
Measuring dissolved concentrations of emerging contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and triclosan, can be challenging due to their physicochemical properties resulting in low aqueous solubilities and association with particles. Passive sampling methods have been applied to assess dissolved concentrations in water and sediments primarily for legacy contaminants. Although ...
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PCDD/F release during benthic trawler‐induced sediment resuspension
Benthic trawling can cause the resuspension of large amounts of sediments. Such regular practice in the Grenland fjord system in the south of Norway has the potential to affect the fate, movement, and bioavailability of sediment‐associated polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). A novel mode of exposing passive sampling devices consisting of towing semipermeable membrane ...
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Model-based monitoring of stormwater runoff quality
Monitoring of micropollutants (MP) in stormwater is essential to evaluate the impacts of stormwater on the receiving aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to investigate how different strategies for monitoring of stormwater quality (combining a model with field sampling) affect the information obtained about MP discharged from the monitored system. A dynamic stormwater quality model ...
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Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for metals
It is generally accepted that “dissolved” concentrations of contaminants in sediment pore water (Cfree) provide a more relevant exposure metric for risk assessment than do total concentrations. Passive sampling methods (PSMs) for estimating Cfree offer the potential for cost‐efficient and accurate in situ characterization of Cfree for inorganic sediment contaminants. In contrast to the PSMs ...
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Evaluating cost when selecting performance reference compounds (PRCs) for the environmental deployment of polyethylene passive samplers
A challenge in environmental passive sampling is determining when equilibrium is achieved between the sampler, target contaminants, and environmental phases. A common approach is the use of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to estimate target contaminant sampling rates and indicate degree of sampler equilibrium. One logistical issue associated with using PRCs is their sometimes exorbitant ...
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Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects
The Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) is a bioanalytical tool that combines passive sampling with the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay to provide a quantitative measure of the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures. Passive sampling devices (PSDs), which sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the ...
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Application of passive sampling for measuring dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in the water column at 3 marine superfund sites
Currently, there is an effort under way to encourage remedial project managers at contaminated sites to use passive sampling to collect freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic contaminants to improve site assessments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of passive sampling for measuring water column Cfree for several hydrophobic organic ...
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Understanding bioavailability and toxicity of sediment‐associated contaminants by combining passive sampling with in vitro bioassays in an urban river catchment
Bioavailable and bioaccessible fractions of sediment‐associated contaminants are considered as better dose metrics for sediment‐quality assessment than total concentrations. The authors applied exhaustive solvent extraction and nondepletive equilibrium sampling techniques to sediment samples collected along the Brisbane River in South East Queensland, Australia, which range from pristine ...
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ITRC technology overview of passive sampling technologies
This document presents technical overviews of 12 passive sampling technologies. It describes each technology’s basis of operation, intended applications, advantages, limitations, and development status. Contacts for additional information are provided. This overview is an outgrowth of interest and information generated in preparation of the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Using ...
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Measurement of naphthenic acids in the receiving waters around an offshore oil platform by passive sampling
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in the vicinity of an offshore oil installation and analysed for naphthenic acids (NA). POCIS accumulated a range of mono to tetracyclic NA, with different degrees of alkylation, with monocyclic acids being the most abundant. POCIS or similar polar samplers may currently be the only way to measure exposure to NA from offshore ...
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Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for organic contaminants
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, e.g., amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced ...
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Passive samplers for chemical substance monitoring and associated toxicity assessment in water
The European legislation, and in particular the Water Framework Directive requires the development of cost efficient monitoring tools that can provide the required information for the assessment of water contamination. Passive sampling methods represent one of the novel tools that have a potential to be used in various regulatory monitoring programmes aimed at assessing the levels of chemical ...
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Determination of silicone rubber and low density polyethylene diffusion and polymer‐water partition coefficients for emerging contaminants
There is a growing interest in assessing the concentration and distribution of new non‐regulated organic compounds (emerging contaminants) in the environment. The measurement of freely dissolved concentrations using conventional approaches is challenging as a result of the low concentrations that may be encountered and their temporally variable emissions. Absorption‐based passive sampling ...
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Benzene Monitoring: Comparing Real-Time to Method 325
Executive Summary EPA’s Refinery Sector Rule, issued in 2015, includes monitoring air concentrations of benzene along the perimeter/fenceline of U.S. refineries. EPA Method 325 A & B requires refineries to continuously monitor benzene using passive sampling tubes over 14-day intervals. Method 325A details field protocols for the deployment and collection of passive sampling tubes, while ...
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Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Practical guidance for selection, calibration, and implementation
This manuscript provides practical guidance on the use of passive sampling methods (PSMs) that target the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) for improved exposure assessment of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments. Primary considerations for selecting a PSM for a specific application include clear delineation of measurement goals for Cfree, whether laboratory‐based “ex‐situ” and/or ...
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Predicting bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soft‐shelled clams (Mya arenaria) using field deployments of polyethylene passive samplers
Biota‐sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), frequently used to predict tissue concentrations of organisms living within and above sediments contaminated with hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), often produce inaccurate estimates. Hence, freely‐dissolved porewater concentrations, CW, have also been investigated as predictors of organism tissue concentrations, but they are more difficult to ...
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An approach for calculating a confidence interval from a single aquatic sample for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants
The use of passive sampling devices (PSDs) for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic environments can entail logistical constraints that often limit a comprehensive statistical sampling plan, thus resulting in a restricted number of samples. The present study demonstrates an approach for using the results of a pilot study designed to estimate sampling variability, which in turn ...
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Passive vs Active Sampling for Sensor-based Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Air pollution with its cascading effects across the population has become a serious matter of concern. To address this air pollution problem, availability of accurate and reliable air quality data is crucial. The quality of air monitoring depends upon how the sample of air is collected and how it is analysed. This paper majorly focuses on passive vs active sampling for air quality monitoring. ...
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Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: Building consensus to improve decision‐making
Contaminated sediments pose an on‐going, pervasive, global challenge to environmental managers as sediments can reflect a legacy of pollution that can impair the beneficial uses of water bodies. A formidable challenge in assessing the risks of contaminated sediments has been elucidation and measurement of contaminant bioavailability, expressed as the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) in ...
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