Passive Water Sampling Articles on Environmental XPRT

ITRC technology overview of passive sampling technologies

This document presents technical overviews of 12 passive sampling technologies. It describes each technology’s basis of operation, intended applications, advantages, limitations, and development status. Contacts for additional information are provided. This overview is an outgrowth of interest and information generated in preparation of the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Using ...

Apr. 12, 2010

By EON Products Inc.

ITRC position paper for passive diffusion sampling, 2002

This document is intended to facilitate the use of polyethylene diffusion bag (PDB) samplers for long-term monitoring (LTM). The guidelines presented in Sections 2 and 3 relate to appropriate implementation, data interpretation, and regulatory issues of concern. Although diffusion samplers can be useful for many different activities and have membranes composed of various materials, this ...

Apr. 12, 2010

By EON Products Inc.

Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: Building consensus to improve decision‐making

Contaminated sediments pose an on‐going, pervasive, global challenge to environmental managers as sediments can reflect a legacy of pollution that can impair the beneficial uses of water bodies. A formidable challenge in assessing the risks of contaminated sediments has been elucidation and measurement of contaminant bioavailability, expressed as the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) in ...

Oct. 19, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ITRC technical regulatory guidelines for passive diffusion sampling, 2004

Polyethylene diffusion bag (PDB) samplers are low-density polyethylene bags containing deionized water, used to collect water samples in groundwater wells for laboratory analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). PDB samplers are passive devices, relying on the movement of groundwater from the aquifer or water-bearing zone through the screen or open interval of a well. VOCs in groundwater ...

Apr. 12, 2010

By EON Products Inc.

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for organic contaminants

This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, e.g., amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced ...

Nov. 8, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for metals

It is generally accepted that “dissolved” concentrations of contaminants in sediment pore water (Cfree) provide a more relevant exposure metric for risk assessment than do total concentrations. Passive sampling methods (PSMs) for estimating Cfree offer the potential for cost‐efficient and accurate in situ characterization of Cfree for inorganic sediment contaminants. In contrast to the PSMs ...

Nov. 8, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Practical guidance for selection, calibration, and implementation

This manuscript provides practical guidance on the use of passive sampling methods (PSMs) that target the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) for improved exposure assessment of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments. Primary considerations for selecting a PSM for a specific application include clear delineation of measurement goals for Cfree, whether laboratory‐based “ex‐situ” and/or ...

Nov. 29, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Risk assessment and management

This paper details how activity‐based passive sampling methods (PSMs), which provide information on bioavailability in terms of freely dissolved contaminant concentrations (Cfree), can be used to better inform risk management decision‐making at multiple points in the process of assessing and managing contaminated sediment sites. Because Cfree is a better predictor of bioavailability than total ...

Dec. 17, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Measurement of naphthenic acids in the receiving waters around an offshore oil platform by passive sampling

Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in the vicinity of an offshore oil installation and analysed for naphthenic acids (NA). POCIS accumulated a range of mono to tetracyclic NA, with different degrees of alkylation, with monocyclic acids being the most abundant. POCIS or similar polar samplers may currently be the only way to measure exposure to NA from offshore ...

May 31, 2014

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive sampling for target and non‐target analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water

The applicability of silicone rubber and low density polyethylene (LDPE) as passive sampling materials for target and non‐target analyses of moderately polar and non‐polar substances was assessed through a field deployment of samplers along a small polluted stream in Oslo (Norway). Silicone and LDPE samplers of identical surface area (but different volumes) were deployed at six sites in the ...

Apr. 29, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Review of polyoxymethylene (POM) passive sampling methods for quantifying freely‐dissolved pore water concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants

Methods involving polyoxymethylene (POM) as a passive sampler are increasing in popularity to assess contaminant freely‐dissolved porewater concentrations in soils and sediments. These methods require contaminant‐specific POM‐water partition coefficients, KPOM. Specific methods for determining KPOM perform reproducibly (within 0.2 log units). However, different methods can lead to highly ...

Feb. 21, 2015

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fate Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In A Contaminated Lake Ecosystem: Combining Equilibrium Passive Sampling Of Sediment And Water With Total Concentration Measurements Of Biota

Equilibrium sampling devices (ESDs) can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) on a thermodynamic basis. ESDs can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios, and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of HOCs in biota lipids. Our aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated ...

Jun. 6, 2015

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Application of passive sampling for measuring dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in the water column at 3 marine superfund sites

Currently, there is an effort under way to encourage remedial project managers at contaminated sites to use passive sampling to collect freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic contaminants to improve site assessments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of passive sampling for measuring water column Cfree for several hydrophobic organic ...

Jun. 3, 2015

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive samplers for chemical substance monitoring and associated toxicity assessment in water

The European legislation, and in particular the Water Framework Directive requires the development of cost efficient monitoring tools that can provide the required information for the assessment of water contamination. Passive sampling methods represent one of the novel tools that have a potential to be used in various regulatory monitoring programmes aimed at assessing the levels of chemical ...

Jan. 1, 2011

By IWA Publishing

Passive sampling coupled to UV irradiation: A useful analytical approach for studying oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in bioavailable mixtures

We investigated coupling passive sampling technologies with ultraviolet irradiation experiments to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (OPAH) transformation processes in real‐world bioavailable mixtures. Passive sampling device (PSD) extracts were obtained from coastal waters impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Superfund sites in Portland, OR. OPAHs were ...

Oct. 4, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations

Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides ...

Nov. 29, 2013

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Labile, dissolved and particulate PAHs and trace metals in wastewater: passive sampling, occurrence, partitioning in treatment plants

The occurrence and the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants by means of passive and active sampling. Concentrations total dissolved and particulate contaminants were determined in wastewater at several points across the treatment system by means of grab sampling. ...

Jan. 1, 2011

By IWA Publishing

Understanding the rates of nonpolar organic chemical accumulation into passive samplers deployed in the environment: Guidance for passive sampler deployments

Polymeric passive samplers have become a common method for estimating freely‐dissolved concentration in environmental media. However, this approach has not yet been adopted by investigators conducting remedial investigation of contaminated environmental sites. Successful adoption of this sampling methodology relies on relaying an understanding of how passive samplers accumulate chemical mass ...

Oct. 1, 2015

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Calibration of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for monitoring of microbial biotoxins in aquatic environments

In this work, an integrative passive sampler based on a silicone membrane filled with a suspension of γ-Fe2O3 at pH 3.5 was developed. The novel device was calibrated for the measurement of microcystin concentrations in water. Laboratory calibration studies of the passive sampling devises under controlled conditions of temperature, water turbulence, and analyte concentration were ...

Jul. 7, 2015

By IWA Publishing

Modeling the transport of organic chemicals between polyethylene passive samplers and water in finite and infinite bath conditions

Understanding the transfer of chemicals between passive samplers (PS) and water is essential for their use as monitoring devices of organic contaminants in surface waters. By applying Fick's 2nd law to diffusion through the polymer and an aqueous boundary layer, we derived a mathematical model for the uptake of chemicals into PS from water, in finite and infinite bath conditions. The finite ...

Jun. 25, 2015

By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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