toxicity test standard Articles
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A toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model approach of Myriophyllum spicatum to predict effects caused by short‐term exposure to a sulfonylurea
Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models are a promising tool to address the effects of time‐variable chemical exposure. While standard toxicity tests rely, in most cases, on static concentrations, these chemical exposure patterns are unlikely to appear in the field, where time‐variable exposure of chemicals is typical. In this study, we integrated toxicodynamic processes into an existing model ...
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New test strategy for dung beetles during the authorization process of parasiticides
According to European legislation, an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for dung fauna is required in the authorization process if the substance acts as a parasiticide for the treatment of pasture animals. In the past, however, the demonstration of the environmental safety of those VMPs for dung fauna was strongly hampered by the fact that no ...
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Alternative methods for toxicity assessments in fish: Comparison of the fish embryo toxicity and the larval growth and survival tests in zebrafish and fathead minnows
An increased demand for chemical toxicity evaluations has resulted in the need for alternative testing strategies that address animal welfare concerns. The fish embryo toxicity (FET) test developed for zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one such alternative and the application of the FET test to other species such as the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) has been proposed. Here, the performance of ...
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Comparing sorption behavior of pyrethroids between formulated and natural sediments
Formulated sediments are recommended for use in toxicity tests to achieve standardized evaluations. However, the organic matter used in formulated sediments may differ qualitatively from that in natural sediments, which may lead to different chemical partition patterns and hence, different toxicity effects. By deriving KOC and KDOC for 8 pyrethroid insecticides from three formulated and five ...
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How toxic is coal ash? A laboratory toxicity case study
Under a consent agreement among EPA and proponents both for and against stricter regulation, EPA is to issue a new coal ash disposal rule by the end of 2014. Laboratory toxicity investigations often yield conservative estimates of toxicity since many standard test species are more sensitive than resident species, thus could provide information useful to the rule‐making. However, few laboratory ...
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Regulatory ecotoxicology testing in Canada – activities and influence of the Inter-Governmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group
The Inter-Governmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group (IGETG) is an ad hoc group of government scientists, technologists, data users, and scientific advisors that has been active in the development and application of ecotoxicological testing in Canada. Membership includes representatives from government laboratories that conduct toxicity testing for research and development purposes, monitor ...
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Investigation of the toxicokinetics of petroleum hydrocarbon distillates with the earthworm Eisenia andrei
The Canada‐Wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in soils regulate petroleum hydrocarbons based on four distillate ranges: F1 (C6–C10), F2 (>C10–C16), F3 (>C16–C34), and F4 (>C34). Previous toxicity tests with earthworms and F2, as well as two subfractions of F3, F3a (>C16–C22) and F3a (>C22–C34), indicate that test durations might not be sufficiently long to reach threshold effect ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - III. Development and Standardization of an Acute Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Anostracan Crustacean Streptocephalus proboscideus
Abstract :A new method is presented for determination of the acute toxicity of chemicals and effluents to larvae of the freshwater anostracanStreptocephalus proboscideus(Frauenfeld), using resting eggs (cysts) as the source of test organisms. The larvae are obtained by controlled hatching of standard reference eggs. For the testing laboratory, this procedure eliminates all the difficulties ...
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Hydra viridissima (Green hydra) rapidly recover from multiple magnesium pulse exposures
The time taken for organisms to recover from a pulsed toxicant exposure is an important consideration when applying water quality guidelines to intermittent events in the environment. Organisms may appear to have recovered using standard toxicity testing methods but could carry residual toxicant or damage that may make them more sensitive to subsequent pulses. Such cumulative effects may ...
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Interlaboratory comparison of a standardized toxicity test using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (ISO 10872)
A ring test was carried out within the standardization process of ISO 10872 to evaluate the precision of the toxicity test for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Eight different laboratories tested aqueous solutions of the reference substance benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride as well as native sediments and soils for toxic effects on the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. Validity ...
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Relationships between exposure and dose in aquatic toxicity tests for organic chemicals
There is continuing debate about the merits of exposure‐based toxicity metrics such as median lethal concentration (LC50) versus organism‐based metrics such as Critical Body Residue (CBR) as indicators of chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms. To demonstrate relationships and differences between these two metrics we apply a simple one‐compartment toxicokinetic mass‐balance model for ...
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Response of the green alga Oophila sp., a salamander symbiont, to a PSII‐inhibitor under laboratory conditions
In a rare example of autotroph‐vertebrate endosymbiosis, eggs of the yellow‐spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) are colonized by a green alga (Oophila sp.) that significantly enhances salamander development. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for impacts to the salamander embryo when growth of the algae is impaired by exposure to herbicides. To further investigate this ...
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The influence of natural organic matter and aging on suspension stability in guideline toxicity testing of Ag, ZnO, and TiO2 nanoparticles with Daphnia magna
This study investigated changes in suspension stability and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) by addition of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SR‐NOM) and aging of stock and test suspensions prior to testing. Acute toxicity tests of Ag, ZnO, and TiO2 ENPs with Daphnia magna were carried out following OECD test guidelines. D. magna was found to be very sensitive to Ag ENPs ...
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Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests. - V. Development and Critical Evaluation of Standardized Toxicity Tests with the Brine Shrimp Artemia (Anostraca, Crustacea)
Abstract : The use of cryptobiotic stages (called cysts of dormant eggs), from which live test organisms can be hatched at will, eliminates the need for continuous stock culturing and opens a promising perspective for better standardization of test methodologies in aquatic toxicology. Although there are several groups of aquatic invertebrates which produce resting stages, the brine shrimp ...
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Time to get off the fence: The need for definitive international guidance on statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data
The use of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) in ecotoxicology has been consistently criticized for over 30 years. A search of the literature from the past 30 years found 22 articles challenging the validity and/or appropriateness of NOEC/LOEC data compared to only one in defense of such data. Notwithstanding this compelling weight of ...
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Assessing Contaminant Sensitivity of Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Species: Part III. Effluent Toxicity Tests pp
Toxicity tests using standard effluent test procedures described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and seven threatened and endangered (listed) fish species from four families: (1) Acipenseridae: shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum), (2) Catostomidae, razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), (3) ...
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A robust bioassay to assess the toxicity of metals to the antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica
Despite evidence of contamination in Antarctic coastal marine environments, no water‐quality guidelines have been established for the region because of a paucity of biological effects data for local Antarctic species. Currently, there is limited information on the sensitivity of Antarctic microalgae to metal contamination, which is exacerbated by the lack of standard toxicity testing protocols ...
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Issues and challenges with oil toxicity data and implications for their use in decision making: A quantitative review
Aquatic toxicity considerations are part of the net environmental benefit analysis and approval decision process on the use of dispersants in the event of an offshore oil spill. Substantial information is available on the acute toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed oil to a diverse subset of aquatic species generated under controlled laboratory conditions. However, most information ...
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Root length of aquatic plant, Lemna minor L., as an optimal toxicity endpoint for bio‐monitoring of mining effluents
Lemna minor, a free‐floating macrophyte, is used for bio‐monitoring of mine effluent quality under the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations (MMER) of the Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada, and is known to be sensitive to trace metals commonly discharged in mine effluents such as nickel. Environment Canada's standard toxicity testing protocol recommends frond count (FC) and ...
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Toxicity of fuel contaminated soil to antarctic moss and terrestrial algae
Fuel pollution is a significant problem in Antarctica, especially in areas where human activities occur, such as at scientific research stations. Despite this, there is little information on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on Antarctic terrestrial biota. This paper demonstrates that the Antarctic mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Schistidium antarctici, Ceratodon purpureus and the Antarctic ...
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